<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Advances in Molecular Oncology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Advances in Molecular Oncology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Успехи молекулярной онкологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2313-805X</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2413-3787</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Publishing House ABV Press</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">25</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17650/2313-805X.2014.1.2.26-35</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEW</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Genetic alterations and markers of melanoma</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Генетические особенности и маркеры меланомы кожи</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Mazurenko</surname><given-names>N. N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мазуренко</surname><given-names>Н. Н.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>nnmazurenko@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Scientific Research Institute of Carcinogenesis, N. N. Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center, Russia, 115478, Moscow, Kashirskoye shosse, 24</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">НИИ канцерогенеза ФГБНУ «РОНЦ им. Н. Н. Блохина», Россия, 115478, Москва, Каширское шоссе, 24</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2014-05-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>05</month><year>2014</year></pub-date><volume>1</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>26</fpage><lpage>35</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2015-06-03"><day>03</day><month>06</month><year>2015</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2015-06-03"><day>03</day><month>06</month><year>2015</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2014, Mazurenko N.N.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2014, Мазуренко Н.Н.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2014</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Mazurenko N.N.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Мазуренко Н.Н.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://umo.abvpress.ru/jour/article/view/25">https://umo.abvpress.ru/jour/article/view/25</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p/></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p/></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>cutaneous melanoma</kwd><kwd>acral</kwd><kwd>mucosal</kwd><kwd>metastatic melanoma</kwd><kwd>genetic predisposition melanoma risk factors</kwd><kwd>genes MC1R</kwd><kwd>CDKN2A</kwd><kwd>CDK4</kwd><kwd>MITF</kwd><kwd>“driver” genes BRAF</kwd><kwd>NRAS</kwd><kwd>KIT</kwd><kwd>genes PPP6C</kwd><kwd>RAC1</kwd><kwd>TACC</kwd><kwd>nevi malignization</kwd><kwd>melanoma targeted therapy</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>меланома кожи</kwd><kwd>акральная</kwd><kwd>мукозальная</kwd><kwd>метастазирующая меланома</kwd><kwd>наследственные факторы риска меланомы</kwd><kwd>гены MC1R</kwd><kwd>CDKN2A</kwd><kwd>CDK4</kwd><kwd>MITF</kwd><kwd>мутации генов BRAF</kwd><kwd>NRAS</kwd><kwd>KIT</kwd><kwd>гены PPP6C</kwd><kwd>RAC1</kwd><kwd>TACC1</kwd><kwd>малигнизация невусов</kwd><kwd>таргетная терапия меланомы</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">1. Bertolotto C. Melanoma: from melanocyte to genetic alterations and clinical options. Scientifica 2013;2013:635203.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bertolotto C. Melanoma: from melanocyte to genetic alterations and clinical options. Scientifica 2013;2013:635203.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">2. Статистика злокачественных новообразований в России и странах СНГ в 2012 году. Под ред. М. И. Давыдова, Е. М. Аксель. М., 2014. 226 с. [Statistics of malignant neoplasms in russia and the CIS countries in 2012. M.I. Davydov, E.M. Axel (eds.). Moscow, 2014. 226 p. (In Russ.)]</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Статистика злокачественных новообразований в России и странах СНГ в 2012 году. Под ред. М. И. Давыдова, Е. М. Аксель. М., 2014. 226 с. [Statistics of malignant neoplasms in russia and the CIS countries in 2012. M.I. Davydov, E.M. Axel (eds.). Moscow, 2014. 226 p. (In Russ.)]</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">3. MаcKie R.M., Hauschild A., Eggermont A. M. Epidemiology of invasive cutaneous melanoma. Ann Oncol 2009;20 Suppl 6:vi1–7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">MаcKie R.M., Hauschild A., Eggermont A. M. Epidemiology of invasive cutaneous melanoma. Ann Oncol 2009;20 Suppl 6:vi1–7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">4. Trotter S.C., Sroa N., Winkelmann R. R. et al. A Global Review of Melanoma Follow-up Guidelines. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol 2013;6(9):18–26.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Trotter S.C., Sroa N., Winkelmann R. R. et al. A Global Review of Melanoma Follow-up Guidelines. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol 2013;6(9):18–26.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">5. Chakraborty R., Wieland C. N., Comfere N. I. Molecular targeted therapies in metastatic melanoma. Pharmgenomics Pers Med 2013;6:49–56.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chakraborty R., Wieland C. N., Comfere N. I. Molecular targeted therapies in metastatic melanoma. Pharmgenomics Pers Med 2013;6:49–56.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">6. Curtin J. A., Fridlyand J., Kageshita T. et al. Distinct sets of genetic alterations in melanoma. N Engl J Med 2005;353(20):2135–47.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Curtin J. A., Fridlyand J., Kageshita T. et al. Distinct sets of genetic alterations in melanoma. N Engl J Med 2005;353(20):2135–47.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">7. Гребенникова О. П., Прилепо В. Н. Меланома. Онкология для практикующих врачей. Под ред. С. С. Чистякова. М., 2009. С. 548–63. [Grebennikova O.P., Prilepo V.N., Melanoma. Oncology for practicing clinicians. S.S. Chistyakov (ed.). Moscow, 2009. Pp. 548–63. (In Russ.)]</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гребенникова О. П., Прилепо В. Н. Меланома. Онкология для практикующих врачей. Под ред. С. С. Чистякова. М., 2009. С. 548–63. [Grebennikova O.P., Prilepo V.N., Melanoma. Oncology for practicing clinicians. S.S. Chistyakov (ed.). Moscow, 2009. Pp. 548–63. (In Russ.)]</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">8. Mihajlovic M., Vlajkovic S., Jovanovic P., Stefanovic V. Primary mucosal melanomas: a comprehensive review. Int J Clin Exp Pathol 2012;5(8):739–53.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mihajlovic M., Vlajkovic S., Jovanovic P., Stefanovic V. Primary mucosal melanomas: a comprehensive review. Int J Clin Exp Pathol 2012;5(8):739–53.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">9. van den Bosch T., Kilic E., Paridaens D., de Klein A. Genetics of uveal melanoma and cutaneous melanoma: two of a kind? Dermatol Res Pract 2010;2010:360136. doi: 10.1155 / 2010 / 360136.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">van den Bosch T., Kilic E., Paridaens D., de Klein A. Genetics of uveal melanoma and cutaneous melanoma: two of a kind? Dermatol Res Pract 2010;2010:360136. doi: 10.1155 / 2010 / 360136.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">10. Goldstein A. M., Tucker M. A. Genetic epidemiology of cutaneous melanoma. Arch Dermatol 2001;137(11):1493–6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Goldstein A. M., Tucker M. A. Genetic epidemiology of cutaneous melanoma. Arch Dermatol 2001;137(11):1493–6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">11. Hansson J. Familial cutaneous melanoma. Adv Exp Med Biol 2010;685:134–45.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hansson J. Familial cutaneous melanoma. Adv Exp Med Biol 2010;685:134–45.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">12. Bradford P. T., Freedman D. M., Goldstein A. M., Tucker M. A. Increased risk of second primary cancers after a diagnosis of melanoma. Arch Dermatol 2010;146(3):265–72.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bradford P. T., Freedman D. M., Goldstein A. M., Tucker M. A. Increased risk of second primary cancers after a diagnosis of melanoma. Arch Dermatol 2010;146(3):265–72.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">13. Sekulic A., Haluska P. Jr., Miller A. J. et al.; Melanoma Study Group of Mayo Clinic Cancer Center. Malignant melanoma in the 21st century: the emerging molecular landscape. Mayo Clin Proc 2008;83(7):825–46.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sekulic A., Haluska P. Jr., Miller A. J. et al.; Melanoma Study Group of Mayo Clinic Cancer Center. Malignant melanoma in the 21st century: the emerging molecular landscape. Mayo Clin Proc 2008;83(7):825–46.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">14. Hayward N. K. Genetics of melanoma predisposition. Oncogene 2003;22(20):3053–62.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hayward N. K. Genetics of melanoma predisposition. Oncogene 2003;22(20):3053–62.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">15. Bennett D. C. How to make a melanoma: what do we know of the primary clonal events? Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2008;21(1):27–38.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bennett D. C. How to make a melanoma: what do we know of the primary clonal events? Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2008;21(1):27–38.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">16. Bello D. M., Ariyan C. E., Carvajal R. D. Melanoma mutagenesis and aberrant cell signaling. Cancer Control 2013;20(4):261–81.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bello D. M., Ariyan C. E., Carvajal R. D. Melanoma mutagenesis and aberrant cell signaling. Cancer Control 2013;20(4):261–81.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">17. Platz A., Egyhazi S., Ringborg U., Hansson J. Human cutaneous melanoma; a review of NRAS and BRAF mutation frequencies in relation to histogenetic subclass and body site. Mol Oncol 2008;1(4):395–405.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Platz A., Egyhazi S., Ringborg U., Hansson J. Human cutaneous melanoma; a review of NRAS and BRAF mutation frequencies in relation to histogenetic subclass and body site. Mol Oncol 2008;1(4):395–405.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">18. Helgadottir H., Höiom V., Jönsson G. et al. High risk of tobacco-related cancers in CDKN2A mutation-positive melanoma families. J Med Genet 2014;51(8):545–52.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Helgadottir H., Höiom V., Jönsson G. et al. High risk of tobacco-related cancers in CDKN2A mutation-positive melanoma families. J Med Genet 2014;51(8):545–52.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">19. Bressac-de-Paillerets B., Avril M. F., Chompret A., Demenais F. Genetic and environmental factors in cutaneous malignant melanoma. Biochimie 2002;84(1):67–74.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bressac-de-Paillerets B., Avril M. F., Chompret A., Demenais F. Genetic and environmental factors in cutaneous malignant melanoma. Biochimie 2002;84(1):67–74.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">20. Fargnoli M. C., Gandini S., Peris K. et al. MC1R variants increase melanoma risk in families with CDKN2A mutations: a metaanalysis. Eur J Cancer 2010;46(8):1413–20.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fargnoli M. C., Gandini S., Peris K. et al. MC1R variants increase melanoma risk in families with CDKN2A mutations: a metaanalysis. Eur J Cancer 2010;46(8):1413–20.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">21. Kennedy C., ter Huurne J., Berkhout M. et al. Melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) gene variants are associated with an increased risk for cutaneous melanoma which is largely independent of skin type and hair color. J Invest Dermatol 2001;117(2):294–300.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kennedy C., ter Huurne J., Berkhout M. et al. Melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) gene variants are associated with an increased risk for cutaneous melanoma which is largely independent of skin type and hair color. J Invest Dermatol 2001;117(2):294–300.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">22. Palmer J. S., Duffy D. L., Box N. F. et al. Melanocortin-1 receptor polymorphisms and risk of melanoma: is the association explained solely by pigmentation phenotype? Am J Hum Genet 2000;66(1):176–86.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Palmer J. S., Duffy D. L., Box N. F. et al. Melanocortin-1 receptor polymorphisms and risk of melanoma: is the association explained solely by pigmentation phenotype? Am J Hum Genet 2000;66(1):176–86.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">23. Williams P. F., Olsen C. M., Hayward N. K., Whiteman D. C. Melanocortin 1 receptor and risk of cutaneous melanoma: a meta-analysis and estimates of population burden. Int J Cancer 2011;129(7):1730–40.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Williams P. F., Olsen C. M., Hayward N. K., Whiteman D. C. Melanocortin 1 receptor and risk of cutaneous melanoma: a meta-analysis and estimates of population burden. Int J Cancer 2011;129(7):1730–40.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">24. Yokoyama S., Woods S. L., Boyle G. M. et al. A novel recurrent mutation in MITF predisposes to familial and sporadic melanoma. Nature 2011;480(7375): 99–103.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yokoyama S., Woods S. L., Boyle G. M. et al. A novel recurrent mutation in MITF predisposes to familial and sporadic melanoma. Nature 2011;480(7375): 99–103.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">25. Vachtenheim J., Borovanský J. Microphthalmia transcription factor: a specific marker for alignant melanoma. Prague Med Rep 2004;105(3):318–24.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vachtenheim J., Borovanský J. Microphthalmia transcription factor: a specific marker for alignant melanoma. Prague Med Rep 2004;105(3):318–24.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">26. Bertolotto C., Lesueur F., Giuliano S. et al. A SUMOylation-defective MITF germline mutation predisposes to melanoma and renal carcinoma. Nature 2011;480(7375):94–8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bertolotto C., Lesueur F., Giuliano S. et al. A SUMOylation-defective MITF germline mutation predisposes to melanoma and renal carcinoma. Nature 2011;480(7375):94–8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">27. Guo R., Franco-Palacios M., Russell M. et al. Micropthalmia transcription factor (MITF) as a diagnostic marker for metastatic melanomas negative for other melanoma markers. Int J Clin Exp Pathol 2013;6(8):1658–64.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Guo R., Franco-Palacios M., Russell M. et al. Micropthalmia transcription factor (MITF) as a diagnostic marker for metastatic melanomas negative for other melanoma markers. Int J Clin Exp Pathol 2013;6(8):1658–64.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">28. Shen J., Lei Q., Chen X. et al. Diagnostic performance of micropthalmia transcription factor for melanoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2014;18(6):798–805.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shen J., Lei Q., Chen X. et al. Diagnostic performance of micropthalmia transcription factor for melanoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2014;18(6):798–805.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">29. Berger M., Hodis E., Heffernan T. et al. Melanoma genome sequencing reveals frequent PREX2 mutations. Nature 2012;485(7399):502–6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Berger M., Hodis E., Heffernan T. et al. Melanoma genome sequencing reveals frequent PREX2 mutations. Nature 2012;485(7399):502–6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">30. Pleasance E. D., Cheetham R. K., Stephens P. J. et al. A comprehensive catalogue of omatic mutations from a human cancer genome. Nature 2010;463(7278):191–6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pleasance E. D., Cheetham R. K., Stephens P. J. et al. A comprehensive catalogue of omatic mutations from a human cancer genome. Nature 2010;463(7278):191–6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">31. Hodis E., Watson I. R., Kryukov G. V. et al. A landscape of driver mutations in melanoma. Cell 2012;150(2):251–63.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hodis E., Watson I. R., Kryukov G. V. et al. A landscape of driver mutations in melanoma. Cell 2012;150(2):251–63.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">32. Chapman P. B., Hauschild A., Robert C. et al. Improved survival with vemurafenib in melanoma with BRAF V600E mutation. N Engl J Med 2011;364(26):2507–16.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chapman P. B., Hauschild A., Robert C. et al. Improved survival with vemurafenib in melanoma with BRAF V600E mutation. N Engl J Med 2011;364(26):2507–16.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">33. Lázár V., Ecsedi S., Vízkeleti L. et al. Marked genetic differences between BRAF and NRAS mutated primary melanomas as revealed by array comparative genomic hybridization. Melanoma Res 2012;22(3): 202–14.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lázár V., Ecsedi S., Vízkeleti L. et al. Marked genetic differences between BRAF and NRAS mutated primary melanomas as revealed by array comparative genomic hybridization. Melanoma Res 2012;22(3): 202–14.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">34. Smalley K. S., Sondak V. K., Weber J. S. C-KIT signaling as the driving oncogenic event in sub-groups of melanomas. Histol Histopathol 2009;24(5):643–50.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Smalley K. S., Sondak V. K., Weber J. S. C-KIT signaling as the driving oncogenic event in sub-groups of melanomas. Histol Histopathol 2009;24(5):643–50.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">35. Miller A. J., Mihm M. C. Melanoma. N Engl J Med 2006;355(1):51–65.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Miller A. J., Mihm M. C. Melanoma. N Engl J Med 2006;355(1):51–65.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">36. Berger M. F., Garraway L. A. Applications of genomics in melanoma oncogene discovery. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2009;23(3):397–414.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Berger M. F., Garraway L. A. Applications of genomics in melanoma oncogene discovery. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2009;23(3):397–414.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">37. Long G. V., Menzies A. M., Nargial A. M. et al. Prognostic and clinicopathologic associations of oncogenic BRAF in metastatic melanoma. J Clin Oncol 2011;29(10):1239–46.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Long G. V., Menzies A. M., Nargial A. M. et al. Prognostic and clinicopathologic associations of oncogenic BRAF in metastatic melanoma. J Clin Oncol 2011;29(10):1239–46.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">38. Rajakulendran T., Sahmi M., Lefrançois M. et al. A dimerization-dependent mechanism drives RAF catalytic activation. Nature 2009;461(7263):542–5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rajakulendran T., Sahmi M., Lefrançois M. et al. A dimerization-dependent mechanism drives RAF catalytic activation. Nature 2009;461(7263):542–5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B39"><label>39.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">39. Davies H., Bignell G. R., Cox C. et al. Mutations of the BRAF gene in human cancer. Nature 2002;417(6892):949–54.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Davies H., Bignell G. R., Cox C. et al. Mutations of the BRAF gene in human cancer. Nature 2002;417(6892):949–54.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B40"><label>40.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">40. Lovly C. M., Dablman K. B., Fobn L. E. et al. Routine multiplex mutational profiling of melanomas enables enrollment in genotype – driven therapeutic trials. PLoS One 2012;7(4):e35309.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lovly C. M., Dablman K. B., Fobn L. E. et al. Routine multiplex mutational profiling of melanomas enables enrollment in genotype – driven therapeutic trials. PLoS One 2012;7(4):e35309.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B41"><label>41.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">41. Lin K., Baritaki S., Militello L. et al. The role of B-RAF mutations in melanoma and the induction of EMT via dysregulation of the NF-KB / Snail / RKIP / PTEN circuit. Genes Cancer 2010;1(5):409–20.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lin K., Baritaki S., Militello L. et al. The role of B-RAF mutations in melanoma and the induction of EMT via dysregulation of the NF-KB / Snail / RKIP / PTEN circuit. Genes Cancer 2010;1(5):409–20.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B42"><label>42.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">42. Wan P. T., Garnett M. J., Roe S. M. et al. Mechanism of activation of the RAF–ERK signaling pathway by oncogenic mutations of B-RAF. Cell 2004;16(6):855–67.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wan P. T., Garnett M. J., Roe S. M. et al. Mechanism of activation of the RAF–ERK signaling pathway by oncogenic mutations of B-RAF. Cell 2004;16(6):855–67.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B43"><label>43.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">43. Davies M. A., Samuels Y. Analysis of the genome to personalize therapy for melanoma. Oncogene 2010;29(41):5545–55.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Davies M. A., Samuels Y. Analysis of the genome to personalize therapy for melanoma. Oncogene 2010;29(41):5545–55.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B44"><label>44.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">44. Hutchinson K. E., Lipson D., Stephens P. J. et al. BRAF fusions define a distinct molecular subset of melanomas with potential sensitivity to MEK inhibition. Clin Cancer Res 2013;19(24):6696–702.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hutchinson K. E., Lipson D., Stephens P. J. et al. BRAF fusions define a distinct molecular subset of melanomas with potential sensitivity to MEK inhibition. Clin Cancer Res 2013;19(24):6696–702.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B45"><label>45.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">45. Fedorenko I. V., Gibney G. T., Keiran S. M. NRAS mutant melanoma: biological behavior and future strategies for therapeutic management. Oncogene 2013;32(25):3009–18.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fedorenko I. V., Gibney G. T., Keiran S. M. NRAS mutant melanoma: biological behavior and future strategies for therapeutic management. Oncogene 2013;32(25):3009–18.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B46"><label>46.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">46. Kelleher F. C., McArthur G. A. Targeting NRAS in melanoma. Cancer J 2012;18(2):132–6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kelleher F. C., McArthur G. A. Targeting NRAS in melanoma. Cancer J 2012;18(2):132–6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B47"><label>47.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">47. Ross A. L., Sanchez M. I., Grichnik J. M. Molecular nevogenesis. Dermatol Res Pract 2011;2011:463184. doi: 10.1155 / 2011 / 463184.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ross A. L., Sanchez M. I., Grichnik J. M. Molecular nevogenesis. Dermatol Res Pract 2011;2011:463184. doi: 10.1155 / 2011 / 463184.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B48"><label>48.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">48. Chraybi M., Alsamad I. A., Copie-Bergman C. et al. Oncogene abnormalities in a series of primary melanomas of the sinonasal tract: NRAS mutations and cyclin D1 amplification are more frequent than KIT or BRAF mutations. Hum Pathol 2013;44(9):1902–11.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chraybi M., Alsamad I. A., Copie-Bergman C. et al. Oncogene abnormalities in a series of primary melanomas of the sinonasal tract: NRAS mutations and cyclin D1 amplification are more frequent than KIT or BRAF mutations. Hum Pathol 2013;44(9):1902–11.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B49"><label>49.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">49. Zebary A., Jangard M., Omholt K. et al. KIT, NRAS and BRAF mutations in sinonasal mucosal melanoma: a study of 56 cases. Br J Cancer 2013;109(3):559–64.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zebary A., Jangard M., Omholt K. et al. KIT, NRAS and BRAF mutations in sinonasal mucosal melanoma: a study of 56 cases. Br J Cancer 2013;109(3):559–64.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B50"><label>50.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">50. Dumaz N. Mechanism of RAF isoform switching induced by oncogenic RAS in melanoma. Small GTPases 2011;2(5):289–92.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dumaz N. Mechanism of RAF isoform switching induced by oncogenic RAS in melanoma. Small GTPases 2011;2(5):289–92.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B51"><label>51.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">51. Chudnovsky Y., Adams A. E., Robbins P. B. et al. Use of human tissue to assess the ncogenic activity of melanoma-associated mutations. Nat Genet 2005;37(7):745–9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chudnovsky Y., Adams A. E., Robbins P. B. et al. Use of human tissue to assess the ncogenic activity of melanoma-associated mutations. Nat Genet 2005;37(7):745–9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B52"><label>52.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">52. Michaloglou C., Vredeveld L. C., Soengas M. S. et al. BRAFE600‑associated senescence-like cell cycle arrest of human naevi. Nature 2005;436(7051):720–4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Michaloglou C., Vredeveld L. C., Soengas M. S. et al. BRAFE600‑associated senescence-like cell cycle arrest of human naevi. Nature 2005;436(7051):720–4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B53"><label>53.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">53. Jakob J. A., Bassett R. L. Jr., Ng C. S. et al. NRAS mutation status is an independent prognostic factor in metastatic melanoma. Cancer 2012;118(16):4014–23.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jakob J. A., Bassett R. L. Jr., Ng C. S. et al. NRAS mutation status is an independent prognostic factor in metastatic melanoma. Cancer 2012;118(16):4014–23.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B54"><label>54.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">54. Stahl J. M., Sharma A., Cheung M. et al. Deregulated Akt3 activity promotes development of malignant melanoma. Cancer Res 2004;64(19):7002–10.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stahl J. M., Sharma A., Cheung M. et al. Deregulated Akt3 activity promotes development of malignant melanoma. Cancer Res 2004;64(19):7002–10.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B55"><label>55.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">55. Stahl J. M., Cheung M., Sharma A. et al. Loss of PTEN promotes tumor development in malignant melanoma. Cancer Res 2003;63(11):2881–90.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stahl J. M., Cheung M., Sharma A. et al. Loss of PTEN promotes tumor development in malignant melanoma. Cancer Res 2003;63(11):2881–90.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B56"><label>56.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">56. Davies M. A., Stemke-Hale K., Tellez C. et al. A novel AKT3 mutation in melanoma tumours and cell lines. Br J Cancer 2008;99(8):1265–8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Davies M. A., Stemke-Hale K., Tellez C. et al. A novel AKT3 mutation in melanoma tumours and cell lines. Br J Cancer 2008;99(8):1265–8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B57"><label>57.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">57. Tsao H., Mihm M. C. Jr., Sheehan C. PTEN expression in normal skin, acquired melanocytic nevi, and cutaneous melanoma. J Am Acad Dermatol 2003;49(5):865–72.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tsao H., Mihm M. C. Jr., Sheehan C. PTEN expression in normal skin, acquired melanocytic nevi, and cutaneous melanoma. J Am Acad Dermatol 2003;49(5):865–72.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B58"><label>58.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">58. Wu H., Goel V., Haluska F. G. PTEN signaling pathways in melanoma. Oncogene 2003;22(20):3113–22.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wu H., Goel V., Haluska F. G. PTEN signaling pathways in melanoma. Oncogene 2003;22(20):3113–22.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B59"><label>59.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">59. Dadras S. S. Molecular diagnostics in melanoma: current status and perspectives. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2011;135(7):860–9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dadras S. S. Molecular diagnostics in melanoma: current status and perspectives. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2011;135(7):860–9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B60"><label>60.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">60. Tschandi P., Berghoff A. S., Preusser M. et al. NRAS and BRAF mutations in melanoma- associated nevi and uninvolved nevi. PLoS One 2013;8(7):e69639.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tschandi P., Berghoff A. S., Preusser M. et al. NRAS and BRAF mutations in melanoma- associated nevi and uninvolved nevi. PLoS One 2013;8(7):e69639.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B61"><label>61.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">61. Vredeveld L. C., Possik P. A., Smit M. A. et al. Abrogation of BRAFV600E-induced senescence by PI3K pathway activation contributes to melanomagenesis. Genes Dev 2012;26(10):1055–69.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vredeveld L. C., Possik P. A., Smit M. A. et al. Abrogation of BRAFV600E-induced senescence by PI3K pathway activation contributes to melanomagenesis. Genes Dev 2012;26(10):1055–69.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B62"><label>62.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">62. Dai D. L., Martinka M., Li G. Prognostic significance of activated Akt expression in melanoma: A clinicopathologic study of 292 cases. J Clin Oncol 2005;23(7):1473–82.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dai D. L., Martinka M., Li G. Prognostic significance of activated Akt expression in melanoma: A clinicopathologic study of 292 cases. J Clin Oncol 2005;23(7):1473–82.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B63"><label>63.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">63. Janku F., Novotny J., Julis I. et al. KIT receptor is expressed in more than 50 % of early-stage malignant melanoma: a retrospective study of 261 patients. Melanoma Res 2005;15(4):251–6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Janku F., Novotny J., Julis I. et al. KIT receptor is expressed in more than 50 % of early-stage malignant melanoma: a retrospective study of 261 patients. Melanoma Res 2005;15(4):251–6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B64"><label>64.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">64. Mobley A. K., Braeuer R. R., Kamiya T. et al. Driving transcriptional regulators in melanoma metastasis. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2012;31(3–4):621–32.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mobley A. K., Braeuer R. R., Kamiya T. et al. Driving transcriptional regulators in melanoma metastasis. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2012;31(3–4):621–32.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B65"><label>65.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">65. Willmore-Payne C., Holden J. A., Hirschowitz S., Layfield L. J. BRAF and c-kit gene copy number in mutation positive malignant melanoma. Hum Pathol 2006;37(5):520–7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Willmore-Payne C., Holden J. A., Hirschowitz S., Layfield L. J. BRAF and c-kit gene copy number in mutation positive malignant melanoma. Hum Pathol 2006;37(5):520–7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B66"><label>66.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">66. Curtin J. A., Busam K., Pinkel D., Bastian B. C. Somatic activation of KIT in distinct subtypes of melanoma. J Clin Oncol 2006;24(26):4340–6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Curtin J. A., Busam K., Pinkel D., Bastian B. C. Somatic activation of KIT in distinct subtypes of melanoma. J Clin Oncol 2006;24(26):4340–6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B67"><label>67.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">67. Beadling C., Jacobson-Dunlop E., Hodi F. S. et al. KIT gene mutations and copy number in melanoma subtypes. Clin Cancer Res 2008;14(21):6821–8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Beadling C., Jacobson-Dunlop E., Hodi F. S. et al. KIT gene mutations and copy number in melanoma subtypes. Clin Cancer Res 2008;14(21):6821–8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B68"><label>68.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">68. Dai B., Cai X., Kong Y. Y. et al. Analysis of KIT expression and gene mutation in human acral melanoma: with a comparison between primary tumors and corresponding metastases / recurrences. Hum Pathol 2013;44(8):1472–8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dai B., Cai X., Kong Y. Y. et al. Analysis of KIT expression and gene mutation in human acral melanoma: with a comparison between primary tumors and corresponding metastases / recurrences. Hum Pathol 2013;44(8):1472–8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B69"><label>69.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">69. Antonescu C. R., Busam K. J., Francone T. D. et al. L576P KIT mutation in anal melanomas correlates with KIT protein expression and is sensitive to specific kinase inhibition. Int J Cancer 2007;121(2):257–64.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Antonescu C. R., Busam K. J., Francone T. D. et al. L576P KIT mutation in anal melanomas correlates with KIT protein expression and is sensitive to specific kinase inhibition. Int J Cancer 2007;121(2):257–64.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B70"><label>70.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">70. Yun J., Lee J., Jang J. et al. KIT amplification and gene mutations in acral / mucosal melanoma in Korea. APMIS 2011;119(6):330–5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yun J., Lee J., Jang J. et al. KIT amplification and gene mutations in acral / mucosal melanoma in Korea. APMIS 2011;119(6):330–5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B71"><label>71.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">71. Allegra M., Giacchero D., Segalen C., Dumaz N. A new KIT mutation (N505I) in acral melanoma confers constitutive signaling, favors tumorigenic properties, and is sensitive to imatinib. J Invest Dermatol 2014;134(5):1473–6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Allegra M., Giacchero D., Segalen C., Dumaz N. A new KIT mutation (N505I) in acral melanoma confers constitutive signaling, favors tumorigenic properties, and is sensitive to imatinib. J Invest Dermatol 2014;134(5):1473–6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B72"><label>72.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">72. Мазуренко Н. Н., Цыганова И. В., Герасимова Н. П. и др. Гетерогенность мишеней таргетной терапии различных субтипов меланомы. Евразийский онкологический журнал 2013;3(03):106.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мазуренко Н. Н., Цыганова И. В., Герасимова Н. П. и др. Гетерогенность мишеней таргетной терапии различных субтипов меланомы. Евразийский онкологический журнал 2013;3(03):106.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B73"><label>73.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">[Mazurenko N.N., Tsyganova I.V., Gerasimova N.P. et al. Heterogeneity of targeted therapy argets of different subtypes of melanoma. Evraziyskiy onkologicheskiy zhurnal = Eurasian Oncology Journal 2013;3(03):106. (In Russ.)]</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">[Mazurenko N.N., Tsyganova I.V., Gerasimova N.P. et al. Heterogeneity of targeted therapy argets of different subtypes of melanoma. Evraziyskiy onkologicheskiy zhurnal = Eurasian Oncology Journal 2013;3(03):106. (In Russ.)]</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B74"><label>74.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">73. Mazurenko N. N., Tsyganova I. V., Lushnikova A. A. et al. Spectrum of driver mutations in melanoma subtypes. Drug Metabol Drug Interact 2014;29(3):75.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mazurenko N. N., Tsyganova I. V., Lushnikova A. A. et al. Spectrum of driver mutations in melanoma subtypes. Drug Metabol Drug Interact 2014;29(3):75.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B75"><label>75.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">74. Bourillon A., Hu H. H., Hetet G. et al. Genetic variation at KIT locus may predispose to melanoma. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2013;26(1):88–96.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bourillon A., Hu H. H., Hetet G. et al. Genetic variation at KIT locus may predispose to melanoma. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2013;26(1):88–96.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B76"><label>76.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">75. Sparrow L. E., Soong R., Dawkins H. J. et al. p53 gene mutation and expression in naevi and melanomas. Melanoma Res 1995;5(2):93–100.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sparrow L. E., Soong R., Dawkins H. J. et al. p53 gene mutation and expression in naevi and melanomas. Melanoma Res 1995;5(2):93–100.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B77"><label>77.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">76. Krauthammer M., Kong Y., Ha B. H. et al. Exome sequencing identifies recurrent somatic RAC1 mutations in melanoma. Nat Genet 2012;44(9):1006–14.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Krauthammer M., Kong Y., Ha B. H. et al. Exome sequencing identifies recurrent somatic RAC1 mutations in melanoma. Nat Genet 2012;44(9):1006–14.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B78"><label>78.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">77. Xia J., Jia P., Hutchinson K. E. et al. A meta-analysis of somatic mutations from next generation sequencing of 241 melanomas: a road map for the study of genes with potential clinical relevance. Mol Cancer Ther 2014;13(7):1918–28.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Xia J., Jia P., Hutchinson K. E. et al. A meta-analysis of somatic mutations from next generation sequencing of 241 melanomas: a road map for the study of genes with potential clinical relevance. Mol Cancer Ther 2014;13(7):1918–28.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B79"><label>79.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">78. Демидов Л. В., Утяшев И. А., аркевич Г. Ю. Роль вемурафениба в лечении диссеминированной меланомы кожи. Современная онкология 2013;15(2):58–61. [Demidov L.V., Utyashev I.A., Kharkevich G.Yu. Role of vemurafenib in therapy of disseminated melanoma. Sovremennaya onkologiya = Modern Oncology 2013;15(2):58–61. (In Russ.)]</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Демидов Л. В., Утяшев И. А., аркевич Г. Ю. Роль вемурафениба в лечении диссеминированной меланомы кожи. Современная онкология 2013;15(2):58–61. [Demidov L.V., Utyashev I.A., Kharkevich G.Yu. Role of vemurafenib in therapy of disseminated melanoma. Sovremennaya onkologiya = Modern Oncology 2013;15(2):58–61. (In Russ.)]</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B80"><label>80.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">79. Wellbrock C., Hurlstone A. BRAF as therapeutic target in melanoma. Biochem Pharmacol 2010;80(5):561–7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wellbrock C., Hurlstone A. BRAF as therapeutic target in melanoma. Biochem Pharmacol 2010;80(5):561–7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B81"><label>81.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">80. Flaherty K. T., Puzanov I., Kim K. B. et al. Inhibition of mutated, activated BRAF in metastatic melanoma. N Engl J Med 2010;363(9):809–19.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Flaherty K. T., Puzanov I., Kim K. B. et al. Inhibition of mutated, activated BRAF in metastatic melanoma. N Engl J Med 2010;363(9):809–19.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B82"><label>82.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">81. Hauschild A., Grob J. J., Demidov L. V. et al. Dabrafenib in BRAF-mutated metastatic melanoma: a multicentre, openlabel, phase 3 randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2012;380(9839):358–65.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hauschild A., Grob J. J., Demidov L. V. et al. Dabrafenib in BRAF-mutated metastatic melanoma: a multicentre, openlabel, phase 3 randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2012;380(9839):358–65.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B83"><label>83.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">82. Kirkwood J. M., Long G. V., Trefzer U. et al. Dabrafenib in patients with Val600Glu or Val600Lys BRAF-mutant melanoma metastatic to the brain (BREAK-MB): a multicentre, open-label, phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol 2012;13(11):1087–95.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kirkwood J. M., Long G. V., Trefzer U. et al. Dabrafenib in patients with Val600Glu or Val600Lys BRAF-mutant melanoma metastatic to the brain (BREAK-MB): a multicentre, open-label, phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol 2012;13(11):1087–95.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B84"><label>84.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">83. Trunzer K., Pavlick A. C., Schuchter L. et al. Pharmacodynamic effects and mechanisms of resistance to vemurafenib in patients with metastatic melanoma. J Clin Oncol 2013;31(14):1767–74.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Trunzer K., Pavlick A. C., Schuchter L. et al. Pharmacodynamic effects and mechanisms of resistance to vemurafenib in patients with metastatic melanoma. J Clin Oncol 2013;31(14):1767–74.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B85"><label>85.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">84. Van Allen E. M., Wagle N., Sucker A. et al.; Dermatologic Cooperative Oncology Group of Germany(DeCOG). The genetic landscape of clinical resistance to RAF inhibition in metastatic melanoma. Cancer Discov 2014;4(1):94–109.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Van Allen E. M., Wagle N., Sucker A. et al.; Dermatologic Cooperative Oncology Group of Germany(DeCOG). The genetic landscape of clinical resistance to RAF inhibition in metastatic melanoma. Cancer Discov 2014;4(1):94–109.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B86"><label>86.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">85. Poulikakos P. I., Persaud Y., Janakiraman M. et al. RAF inhibitor resistance is mediated by dimerization of aberrantly spliced BRAF(V600E). Nature 2011;480(7377):387–90.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Poulikakos P. I., Persaud Y., Janakiraman M. et al. RAF inhibitor resistance is mediated by dimerization of aberrantly spliced BRAF(V600E). Nature 2011;480(7377):387–90.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B87"><label>87.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">86. Akinleye A., Furqan M., Mukhi N. et al. MEK and the inhibitors: from bench to bedside. J Hematol Oncol 2013;6:27. doi: 10.1186 / 1756‑8722‑6‑27.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Akinleye A., Furqan M., Mukhi N. et al. MEK and the inhibitors: from bench to bedside. J Hematol Oncol 2013;6:27. doi: 10.1186 / 1756‑8722‑6‑27.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B88"><label>88.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">87. Voskoboynik M., Arkenau H. T. Combination therapies for the treatment of advanced melanoma: a review of current evidence. Biochem Res Int 2014;2014:307059. doi: 10.1155 / 2014 / 307059.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Voskoboynik M., Arkenau H. T. Combination therapies for the treatment of advanced melanoma: a review of current evidence. Biochem Res Int 2014;2014:307059. doi: 10.1155 / 2014 / 307059.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B89"><label>89.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">88. Dahlman K. B., Xia J., Hutchinson K. et al. BRAF (L597) mutations in melanoma are associated with sensitivity to MEK inhibitors. Cancer Discov 2012;2(9):791–7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dahlman K. B., Xia J., Hutchinson K. et al. BRAF (L597) mutations in melanoma are associated with sensitivity to MEK inhibitors. Cancer Discov 2012;2(9):791–7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B90"><label>90.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">89. Bowyer S. E., Rao A. D., Lyle M. et al. Activity of trametinib in K601E and L597Q BRAF mutation-positive metastatic melanoma. Melanoma Res 2014;24(5):504–8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bowyer S. E., Rao A. D., Lyle M. et al. Activity of trametinib in K601E and L597Q BRAF mutation-positive metastatic melanoma. Melanoma Res 2014;24(5):504–8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B91"><label>91.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">90. Johnson D. B., Flaherty K. T., Weber J. S. et al. Combined BRAF (Dabrafenib) and MEK Inhibition (Trametinib) in patients with BRAF V600‑mutant melanoma experiencing progression with single-agent BRAF inhibitor. J Clin Oncol 2014. pii: JCO. 2014.57.3535.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Johnson D. B., Flaherty K. T., Weber J. S. et al. Combined BRAF (Dabrafenib) and MEK Inhibition (Trametinib) in patients with BRAF V600‑mutant melanoma experiencing progression with single-agent BRAF inhibitor. J Clin Oncol 2014. pii: JCO. 2014.57.3535.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list></back></article>
