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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Advances in Molecular Oncology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Advances in Molecular Oncology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Успехи молекулярной онкологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2313-805X</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2413-3787</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Publishing House ABV Press</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">570</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17650/2313-805X-2023-10-3-50-58</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>RESEARCH ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Continuous ultraviolet irradiation induces the development of irreversible resistance of melanoma cells to anticancer drugs</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Хроническое ультрафиолетовое облучение индуцирует развитие устойчивой резистентности клеток меланомы к противоопухолевым препаратам</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1490-6781</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shchegolev</surname><given-names>Yu. Yu.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Щеголев</surname><given-names>Ю. Ю.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>24 Kashirskoye Shosse, Moscow 115522</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>115522 Москва, Каширское шоссе, 24</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3202-2293</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Karpukhina</surname><given-names>M. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Карпухина</surname><given-names>М. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>24 Kashirskoye Shosse, Moscow 115522</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>115522 Москва, Каширское шоссе, 24</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1264-7405</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sorokin</surname><given-names>D. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сорокин</surname><given-names>Д. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>24 Kashirskoye Shosse, Moscow 115522</p><p>23 Gagarin Prospekt, Nizhny Novgorod 603022</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>115522 Москва, Каширское шоссе, 24</p><p>603022 Нижний Новгород, проспект Гагарина, 23</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2974-9555</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Scherbakov</surname><given-names>A. M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Щербаков</surname><given-names>А. М.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>24 Kashirskoye Shosse, Moscow 115522</p><p>23 Gagarin Prospekt, Nizhny Novgorod 603022</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>115522 Москва, Каширское шоссе, 24</p><p>603022 Нижний Новгород, проспект Гагарина, 23</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6015-6619</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Andreeva</surname><given-names>O. E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Андреева</surname><given-names>О. Е.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>24 Kashirskoye Shosse, Moscow 115522</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>115522 Москва, Каширское шоссе, 24</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Razuvaeva</surname><given-names>V. E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Разуваева</surname><given-names>В. Е.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>24 Kashirskoye Shosse, Moscow 115522</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>115522 Москва, Каширское шоссе, 24</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7673-4284</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bogush</surname><given-names>T. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Богуш</surname><given-names>Т. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>24 Kashirskoye Shosse, Moscow 115522</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>115522 Москва, Каширское шоссе, 24</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7659-6045</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Mikhaylova</surname><given-names>I. N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Михайлова</surname><given-names>И. Н.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>24 Kashirskoye Shosse, Moscow 115522</p><p>1 Partizan Zheleznyak St., Krasnoyarsk</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>115522 Москва, Каширское шоссе, 24</p><p>660022 Красноярск, ул. Партизана Железняка, 1</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8562-6082</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Demidov</surname><given-names>L. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Демидов</surname><given-names>Л. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>24 Kashirskoye Shosse, Moscow 115522</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>115522 Москва, Каширское шоссе, 24</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2694-5232</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gudkova</surname><given-names>M. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гудкова</surname><given-names>М. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>24 Kashirskoye Shosse, Moscow 115522</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>115522 Москва, Каширское шоссе, 24</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5902-7633</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Krasil’nikov</surname><given-names>M. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Красильников</surname><given-names>М. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>24 Kashirskoye Shosse, Moscow 115522</p><p>23 Gagarin Prospekt, Nizhny Novgorod 603022</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>115522 Москва, Каширское шоссе, 24</p><p>603022 Нижний Новгород, проспект Гагарина, 23</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Ministry of Health of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр онкологии им. Н. Н. Блохина» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГАОУ ВО «Национальный исследовательский Нижегородский государственный университет им. Н. И. Лобачевского»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Prof. V. F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВО «Красноярский государственный медицинский университет им. проф. В. Ф. Войно-Ясенецкого» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2023-09-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>09</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>10</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>50</fpage><lpage>58</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2023-10-09"><day>09</day><month>10</month><year>2023</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2023-10-09"><day>09</day><month>10</month><year>2023</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2023, Shchegolev Y.Y., Karpukhina M.A., Sorokin D.V., Scherbakov A.M., Andreeva O.E., Razuvaeva V.E., Bogush T.A., Mikhaylova I.N., Demidov L.V., Gudkova M.V., Krasil’nikov M.A.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2023, Щеголев Ю.Ю., Карпухина М.А., Сорокин Д.В., Щербаков А.М., Андреева О.Е., Разуваева В.Е., Богуш Т.А., Михайлова И.Н., Демидов Л.В., Гудкова М.В., Красильников М.А.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Shchegolev Y.Y., Karpukhina M.A., Sorokin D.V., Scherbakov A.M., Andreeva O.E., Razuvaeva V.E., Bogush T.A., Mikhaylova I.N., Demidov L.V., Gudkova M.V., Krasil’nikov M.A.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Щеголев Ю.Ю., Карпухина М.А., Сорокин Д.В., Щербаков А.М., Андреева О.Е., Разуваева В.Е., Богуш Т.А., Михайлова И.Н., Демидов Л.В., Гудкова М.В., Красильников М.А.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://umo.abvpress.ru/jour/article/view/570">https://umo.abvpress.ru/jour/article/view/570</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Introduction.</bold> Melanoma belongs to the group of the most malignant tumors characterized by aggressive growth and active metastasis. At the same time, the effectiveness of therapy, primarily targeted therapy, is largely limited by the rapid development of drug resistance.</p><p><bold>Aim.</bold> To study the effect of chronic ultraviolet (UV) irradiation on the formation of a population of radiation-resistant melanoma cells; to study the features of cell signaling and the sensitivity of UV-resistant melanoma cells to the antitumor drugs.</p><p><bold>Materials and methods.</bold> The experiments were carried out on <italic>in vitro</italic> cultured A375 melanoma cells. Cells were cultured in a standard DMEM + 10 % FBS medium; cell growth rate was analyzed using the MTT assay; cell survival after irradiation was analyzed using a colony-forming test. Determination of the transcriptional activity of the estrogen receptor (ER) was performed by reporter analysis upon transfection into cells of a plasmid containing the luciferase reporter gene controlled by estrogen responsive element. The immunoblotting method was used to analyze the expression of cellular proteins; comparative analysis of ERα and ERβ expression was performed by immunofluorescent method.</p><p><bold>Results.</bold> Long-term UV irradiation leads to the formation of a UV-resistant subpopulation of A375 melanoma cells, which is characterized by decreased sensitivity to targeted (vemurafenib) and hormonal (tamoxifen) drugs, increased expression of Snail, an activator of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and in the absence of noticeable changes in the expression of PI3K / mTOR signaling. Metformin reduces Snail expression in both parental and UV-resistant A375 cells and enhances the cytostatic effect in combination with vemurafenib or tamoxifen.</p><p><bold>Conclusion</bold>. The data obtained demonstrate a decrease in the sensitivity of melanoma cells to targeted drugs under the long-term exposure to UV. The ability of metformin to potentiate the action of targeted drugs and inhibit Snail allows us to consider metformin not only as an antitumor agent, but also as a potential inhibitor of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Введение. </bold>Меланома относится к группе наиболее злокачественных новообразований, отличающихся агрессивным ростом и активным метастазированием. при этом эффективность терапии, в первую очередь таргетной терапии, во многом ограничена быстрым развитием резистентности к препаратам.</p><p><bold>Цель исследования – </bold>изучить влияние хронического ультрафиолетового (УФ) облучения на формирование субпопуляции устойчивых к УФ клеток меланомы, а также особенности клеточного сигналинга и чувствительность УФрезистентных клеток меланомы к действию противоопухолевых препаратов.</p><p><bold>Материалы и методы.</bold> эксперименты проводились на культивируемых <italic>in vitro</italic> клетках меланомы А375. клетки культивировали в стандартной среде DMEM + 10 % FBS, анализ скорости роста клеток проводили с помощью МТТ-теста; выживаемость клеток после облучения анализировали с использованием колониеобразующего теста. Транскрипционную активность рецептора эстрогенов (ER) определяли методом репортерного анализа при трансфекции в клетки плазмиды, содержавшей ген-репортер люциферазы под контролем промотора с эстроген-респонсивным элементом. Для анализа экспрессии клеточных белков использовали метод иммуноблоттинга; сравнительный анализ экспрессии ERα и ERβ проводили с помощью иммунофлуоресцентного метода.</p><p><bold>Результаты. </bold>Длительное УФ-облучение приводит к формированию УФ-резистентной субпопуляции клеток меланомы А375, отличающейся пониженной чувствительностью к таргетным (вемурафенибу) и гормональным (тамоксифену) препаратам на фоне повышенной экспрессии Snail – активатора эпителиально-мезенхимального перехода и при отсутствии заметных изменений в экспрессии белков PI3K (фосфоинозитид-3-киназы) / mTOR (мишень рапамицина млекопитающих) сигналинга. Метформин снижает экспрессию Snail как в родительских, так и в УФ-резистентных клетках А375 и усиливает цитостатический эффект в комбинации с вемурафенибом или тамоксифеном.</p><p><bold>Заключение. </bold>полученные данные свидетельствуют о снижении чувствительности к таргетным препаратам клеток меланомы на фоне длительной экспозиции с УФ. Способность метформина потенцировать действие таргетных препаратов и ингибировать Snail позволяет рассматривать это лекарственное стредство не только как противоопухолевый агент, но и как потенциальный ингибитор эпителиально-мезенхимального перехода.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>melanoma cells</kwd><kwd>ultraviolet irradiation</kwd><kwd>vemurafenib</kwd><kwd>tamoxifen</kwd><kwd>resistance</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>клетки меланомы</kwd><kwd>ультрафиолетовое облучение</kwd><kwd>вемурафениб</kwd><kwd>тамоксифен</kwd><kwd>резистентность</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">1. Hodis E., Watson I.R., Kryukov G.V. et al. A landscape of driver mutations in melanoma. Cell 2012;150(2):251–63. DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2012.06.024</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hodis E., Watson I.R., Kryukov G.V. et al. 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