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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Advances in Molecular Oncology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Advances in Molecular Oncology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Успехи молекулярной онкологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2313-805X</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2413-3787</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Publishing House ABV Press</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">608</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17650/2313-805X-2023-10-4-31-46</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEW</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРНАЯ СТАТЬЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">The role of transglutaminase 2 in regulation of the balance between autophagy and apoptosis in tumor cells</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Роль трансглутаминазы 2 в регуляции баланса между аутофагией и апоптозом в опухолевых клетках</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3571-333X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gnennaya</surname><given-names>Yu.  A. </given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гненная</surname><given-names>Ю. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Yulia Andreevna Gnennaya.</p><p>4 Tikhoretsky Prospekt, St. Petersburg 194064</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Юлия Андреевна Гненная.</p><p>194064 Санкт-Петербург, Тихорецкий проспект, 4</p></bio><email>gnennaya1996@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2042-361X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Semenov</surname><given-names>O.  M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Семёнов</surname><given-names>О. М.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>4 Tikhoretsky Prospekt, St. Petersburg 194064</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>194064 Санкт-Петербург, Тихорецкий проспект, 4</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7111-2446</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Barlev</surname><given-names>N. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Барлев</surname><given-names>Н. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>4 Tikhoretsky Prospekt, St. Petersburg 194064; Bld. 8, 10 Pogodinskaya St., Moscow 119121</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>194064 Санкт-Петербург, Тихорецкий проспект, 4; 119121 Москва, ул. Погодинская, 10, стр. 8</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУН «Институт цитологии Российской академии наук»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">V.N. Orekhovich Research Institute of Biomedical Chemistry</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБНУ «Научно-исследовательский институт биомедицинской химии им. В.Н. Ореховича»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2023-12-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>12</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>10</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>31</fpage><lpage>46</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2022-08-11"><day>11</day><month>08</month><year>2022</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2023-12-15"><day>15</day><month>12</month><year>2023</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2023, Gnennaya Y.A., Semenov O.M., Barlev N.A.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2023, Гненная Ю.А., Семёнов О.М., Барлев Н.А.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Gnennaya Y.A., Semenov O.M., Barlev N.A.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Гненная Ю.А., Семёнов О.М., Барлев Н.А.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://umo.abvpress.ru/jour/article/view/608">https://umo.abvpress.ru/jour/article/view/608</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>In normal tissue, cellular homeostasis is largely driven by two catabolic pathways: apoptosis and autophagy. Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is regulated by pro-apoptotic factors, and promotes the removal of problematic cells. Autophagy, which in turn includes three forms: macro-, micro-, and chaperone-mediated autophagy, can promote both cell survival by selectively removing potentially apoptosis-inducing factors and raising the threshold of stress required for the induction of cell death. Recently, evidence has been accumulating suggesting the existence of common molecular pathways between autophagy and apoptosis, as well as the influence of the extracellular matrix on these processes. One of the important enzymes involved in the coordination and regulation of these processes is transglutaminase 2 (TG2). Different types of TG2 activities are involved in maintaining the dynamic balance between extracellular matrix and intracellular autophagy/apoptosis processes, while dysregulation of these processes may contribute to the pathogenesis of various human diseases, including oncogenesis. For example, TG2 can promote the degradation of pro-apoptotic proteins and the survival of renal cell carcinoma cells under nutrient-deficient conditions by modulating the autophagy process. In cells of various tissues deprived of TG2, aggregates of ubiquitinated proteins and damaged mitochondria are observed, which in turn induces proteotoxic stress and cell death. conversely, the transamidase activity of TG2 was observed to inhibit anti-apoptotic  signaling in a human leukemic monocytic lymphoma model. In the present review, a number of important functions of TG2 in oncogenesis are described, along with the dual role of TG2 in modulating such opposite processes as cell survival and cell death.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>В нормальной ткани клеточный гомеостаз в значительной степени обусловлен двумя катаболическими путями: апоптозом и аутофагией. Апоптоз, или запрограммированная клеточная гибель, регулируется проапоптотическими факторами и способствует уничтожению поврежденных клеток. Аутофагия, в свою очередь, включающая в себя 3 формы – макро-, микро- и шаперон-опосредованную аутофагию, – может как способствовать выживанию клеток путем избирательного  удаления факторов, потенциально вызывающих апоптоз, так и повышать порог стресса, необходимого для индукции клеточной гибели. В последнее время накапливаются данные, свидетельствующие о существовании общих молекулярных путей между аутофагией и апоптозом, а также о влиянии каспазного матрикса на данные процессы.  Одним из важных ферментов, участвующих в координации и регуляции этих процессов, является трансглутаминаза 2 (TG2). Различные типы активностей TG2 вовлечены в поддержание динамического баланса между внутриклеточным матриксом и внутриклеточными процессами аутофагии/апоптоза, в то время как их дерегуляция может способствовать развитию патогенеза различных заболеваний человека, включая онкогенез. Например, известно, что TG2 может благоприятствовать деградации проапоптотических белков и выживанию клеток почечно-клеточной карциномы в условиях недостатка питательных веществ, модулируя процесс аутофагии. В клетках различных тканей, лишенных TG2, наблюдается скопление агрегатов убиквитинированных белков и поврежденных митохондрий, что вызывает протеотоксический стресс и клеточную смерть. Наоборот, трансамидазная активность TG2 была замечена в ингибировании антиапоптотических сигналов на модели лейкемической моноцитарной лимфомы человека. В данном обзоре описываются важные функции TG2 в онкогенезе, а также подчеркивается двойственность роли этого фермента в модуляции таких противоположных процессов, как выживание клеток и их гибель.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>transglutaminase 2</kwd><kwd>autophagy</kwd><kwd>apoptosis</kwd><kwd>oncogenesis</kwd><kwd>oncoregulators</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>трансглутаминаза 2</kwd><kwd>аутофагия</kwd><kwd>апоптоз</kwd><kwd>онкогенез</kwd><kwd>онкорегуляторы</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The work was carried out as part of the execution of state scientific program to the Institute of Biomedical Chemistry.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">The work was carried out by Russian Science Foundation grant (grant No. 19-75-10059)</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">1. 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