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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Advances in Molecular Oncology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Advances in Molecular Oncology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Успехи молекулярной онкологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2313-805X</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2413-3787</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Publishing House ABV Press</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">612</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17650/2313-805X-2023-10-4-108-115</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>EXPERIMENTAL REPORT</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНАЯ СТАТЬЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Phenomenon of suppression of estrogen signaling in breast cancer cells under ultraviolet irradiation: role of Snail proteins</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Феномен подавления эстрогенового сигналинга в клетках рака молочной железы под действием ультрафиолетового облучения: роль белков Snail</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1264-7405</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sorokin</surname><given-names>D. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сорокин</surname><given-names>Д. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>24 Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow 115522; 23 Gagarin Prospekt, Nizhny Novgorod 603022</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>115522 Москва, Каширское шоссе, 24; 603022 Нижний Новгород, проспект Гагарина, 23</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6015-6619</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Andreeva</surname><given-names> O.  E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Андреева</surname><given-names>О. Е.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>24 Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow 115522</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>115522 Москва, Каширское шоссе, 24</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2974-9555</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Scherbakov</surname><given-names>A. M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Щербаков</surname><given-names>А. М.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>24 Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow 115522; 23 Gagarin Prospekt, Nizhny Novgorod 603022</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>115522 Москва, Каширское шоссе, 24; 603022 Нижний Новгород, проспект Гагарина, 23</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0809-3710</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Salnikova</surname><given-names>D. I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сальникова</surname><given-names>Д. И.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>24 Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow 115522</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>115522 Москва, Каширское шоссе, 24</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2694-5232</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gudkova</surname><given-names>M. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гудкова</surname><given-names>М. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>24 Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow 115522</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>115522 Москва, Каширское шоссе, 24</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5902-7633</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Krasil’nikov</surname><given-names>M. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Красильников</surname><given-names>М. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Mikhail A. Krasil’nikov.</p><p>24 Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow 115522; 23 Gagarin Prospekt, Nizhny Novgorod 603022</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Красильников Михаил Александрович.</p><p>115522 Москва, Каширское шоссе, 24; 603022 Нижний Новгород, проспект Гагарина, 23</p></bio><email>krasilnikovm1@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Ministry of Health of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр онкологии им. Н.Н. Блохина» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГАОУ ВО «Национальный исследовательский Нижегородский государственный университет им. Н.И. Лобачевского»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2023-12-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>12</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>10</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>108</fpage><lpage>115</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2023-11-15"><day>15</day><month>11</month><year>2023</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2023-12-15"><day>15</day><month>12</month><year>2023</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2023, Sorokin D.V., Andreeva  .E., Scherbakov A.M., Salnikova D.I., Gudkova M.V., Krasil’nikov M.A.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2023, Сорокин Д.В., Андреева О.Е., Щербаков А.М., Сальникова Д.И., Гудкова М.В., Красильников М.А.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Sorokin D.V., Andreeva  .E., Scherbakov A.M., Salnikova D.I., Gudkova M.V., Krasil’nikov M.A.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Сорокин Д.В., Андреева О.Е., Щербаков А.М., Сальникова Д.И., Гудкова М.В., Красильников М.А.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://umo.abvpress.ru/jour/article/view/612">https://umo.abvpress.ru/jour/article/view/612</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Introduction</bold>. The study of the effect of irradiation or any other DNA-damaging agents on the sensitivity of tumors to conservative therapy, drug or hormonal, is among the most imporant tasks that determine the efficiency of combined therapy of cancer patients.</p><p><bold>Aim</bold>. To investigate the effect of irradiation on the activity of key signaling proteins and the level of hormone dependence of breast cancer cells.</p><p><bold>Materials and methods</bold>. The experiments were performed on in vitro cultured estrogen-dependent MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation in the range of 254 nm with the intensity of 25–50 J/m<sup>2</sup>  was used as an experimental model to study the response of tumor cells to DNA damage. Cell growth rate was determined using the MTT test, cell survival after irradiation was analyzed using the colony-forming test.  Estrogen receptor transcriptional  activity was determined by reporter assay; cellular protein expression was determined by immunoblotting.</p><p><bold>Results</bold>. Single UV irradiation of MCF-7 cells leads to a marked increase in the level of apoptotic markers: p53, cPARP, suppression of expression of growth signaling proteins: CDK4/6 and estrogen receptor α (ERα). The above changes are accompanied with an increase in phosphorylation of Akt protein kinase and a marked increase in the expression of Snail1, one of the key proteins of epithelial-mesenchymal transition. In UV-resistant MCF-7/UVR cell subline obtained under repeated irradiation cycles, the levels of apoptotic and growth signaling proteins (p53, cPARP, CDK4/6) return to control levels, except for the phosphorylated form of Akt and Snail1, whose content  remains high. Transfection of Snail1-expressing plasmid into MCF-7 cells is accompanied by activation of apoptotic signaling, suppression of ERα activity, and development of partial hormone resistance; however, the sensitivity of cells to irradiation is practically unchanged. Transfection of microRNA-181a-2, one of the microRNAs associated with cell resistance, simultaneously activates Akt and Snail1 and leads to the development of cross-resistance of cells to irradiation and hormonal drugs.</p><p><bold>Conclusion</bold>. The obtained data allow us to consider irradiation-induced Snail1 activation as one of the factors involved in deregulation of estrogen signaling and formation of cell resistance to hormonal drugs, while simultaneous activation of Akt and Snail1 is accompanied by the development of cross-resistance to irradiation and hormonal drugs.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Введение</bold>. Исследование влияния облучения или любых других ДНК-повреждающих агентов на чувствительность опухолей к консервативной терапии, лекарственной или гормональной, относится к числу наиболее актуальных задач, во многом определяющих целесообразность  комбинированной терапии онкологических больных.</p><p><bold>Цель исследования</bold> – изучение влияния облучения на активность ключевых сигнальных белков и уровень гормональной зависимости клеток рака молочной железы.</p><p><bold>Материалы и методы</bold>. Эксперименты проводились на культивируемых <italic>in vitro</italic> клетках эстрогензависимого рака молочной железы MCF-7. В качестве экспериментальной модели для изучения реакции опухолевых клеток на повреждения ДНК использовалось ультрафиолетовое (УФ) облучение в диапазоне 254 нм с интенсивностью 25–50 Дж/м<sup>2</sup>. Скорость роста клеток определяли с помощью  МТТ-теста; выживаемость клеток после облучения анализировали с использованием колониеобразующего теста. Определение транскрипционной активности рецептора эстрогенов проводили методом репортерного анализа, экспрессии клеточных белков – методом иммуноблоттинга.</p><p><bold>Результаты</bold>. Однократное  УФ-облучение клеток MCF-7 приводит к резкому повышению уровня апоптотических маркеров: р53, cPARP, подавлению экспрессии белков ростового сигналинга: CDK4/6 и рецептора эстрогенов α (ERα). На этом фоне наблюдается усиление фосфорилирования протеинкиназы Akt и выраженное повышение экспрессии Snail1 – одного из ключевых белков эпителиально-мезенхимального перехода. В клетках УФ-резистентной сублинии MCF-7/UVR, полученной в условиях повторяющихся циклов облучения, уровень белков апоптотического и ростового сигналингов (р53, cPARP, CDK4/6) возвращается к контрольному значению, за исключением фосфорилированной формы Akt и Snail1, содержание которых остается высоким. Трансфекция в клетки MCF-7 плазмиды,  экспрессирующей Snail1, сопровождается активацией апоптотического сигналинга, снижением активности ERα и развитием частичной гормональной резистентности; при этом чувствительность клеток к облучению практически не меняется. Трансфекция микроРНК-181а-2 – одной из микроРНк, ассоциированной с резистентностью клеток, – одновременно активирует Akt и Snail1 и приводит к развитию перекрестной резистентности клеток к облучению и гормональным препаратам.</p><p><bold>Заключение</bold>. Полученные данные позволяют рассматривать активацию Snail1 под действием облучения в качестве одного из факторов, участвующих в дерегуляции эстрогенового сигналинга и формировании устойчивости клеток к гормональным препаратам, в то время как одновременная активация Akt и Snail1 сопровождается развитием перекрестной резистентности к облучению и гормональным соединениям.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>breast cancer</kwd><kwd>hormonal resistance</kwd><kwd>irradiation</kwd><kwd>estrogen receptor</kwd><kwd>Snail1</kwd><kwd>protein kinase Akt</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>рак молочной железы</kwd><kwd>гормональная резистентность</kwd><kwd>облучение</kwd><kwd>рецептор эстрогенов</kwd><kwd>Snail1</kwd><kwd>протеинкиназа Akt</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This research was funded by the Russian Scientific Foundation (grant No. 22-25-00368).</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена при финансовой поддержке Российского научного фонда (грант № 22-25-00368).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Eaton B.R., Jiang R., Torres M.A. et al. 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