Advances in Molecular OncologyAdvances in Molecular OncologyУспехи молекулярной онкологии2313-805X2413-3787Publishing House ABV Press64610.17650/2313-805X-2024-11-1-22-30REVIEWОБЗОРНАЯ СТАТЬЯContemporary views on the clinical, epidemiological and molecular genetic characteristics of melanoma of the skin and mucous membranesСовременные представления о клиникоэпидемических и молекулярно-генетических особенностях меланомы кожи и слизистыхhttps://orcid.org/0009-0003-8473-4182BogdanovaV. A.БогдановаВ. А.
Russian Federation

2 Moskovsky Tract, Tomsk 634050

634050 Томск, Московский тракт, 2

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5269-736XSpirinaL. V.СпиринаЛ. В.
Russian Federation

Lyudmila Viktorovna Spirina

2 Moskovsky Tract, Tomsk 634050; 5 Cooperative Lane, Tomsk 634009

Людмила Викторовна Спирина

634050 Томск, Московский тракт, 2; 634009 Томск, пер. Кооперативный, 5

spirinalvl@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-2974-4778ChizhevskayaS. Yu.ЧижевскаяС. Ю.
Russian Federation

2 Moskovsky Tract, Tomsk 634050; 5 Cooperative Lane, Tomsk 634009

634050 Томск, Московский тракт, 2; 634009 Томск, пер. Кооперативный, 5

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2964-9041KovalevaI. V.КовалеваИ. В.
Russian Federation

2 Moskovsky Tract, Tomsk 634050; 5 Cooperative Lane, Tomsk 634009

634050 Томск, Московский тракт, 2; 634009 Томск, пер. Кооперативный, 5

https://orcid.org/0009-0004-7211-7686NikulnikovK. V.НикульниковК. В.
Russian Federation

5 Cooperative Lane, Tomsk 634009

634009 Томск, пер. Кооперативный, 5

Siberian State Medical University, Ministry of Health of the RussiaФГБОУ ВО «Сибирский государственный медицинский университет» Минздрава РоссииCancer Research Institute of the Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of SciencesНаучно-исследовательский институт онкологии ФГБУ «Томский национальный исследовательский медицинский центр» Российской академии наук1501202411122300504202405042024Copyright ©; 2024, Bogdanova V.A., Spirina L.V., Chizhevskaya S.Y., Kovaleva I.V., Nikulnikov K.V.Copyright ©; 2024, Богданова В.А., Спирина Л.В., Чижевская С.Ю., Ковалева И.В., Никульников К.В.2024Bogdanova V.A., Spirina L.V., Chizhevskaya S.Y., Kovaleva I.V., Nikulnikov K.V.Богданова В.А., Спирина Л.В., Чижевская С.Ю., Ковалева И.В., Никульников К.В.https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0https://umo.abvpress.ru/jour/article/view/646

Melanoma of the skin and mucous membranes remains a global medical problem, which is associated with the increasing prevalence of this disease and the lack of adequate molecular genetic markers for its diagnosis and prognosis. The development of molecular approaches in the treatment of this type of tumor is associated with the identification of mutations, and with the development of immunotherapeutic and targeted drugs that can improve the effectiveness of treatment of patients with this pathology. However, the heterogeneity of the mechanisms of tumor development and the formation of resistance are a problem. It is worth noting the presence of many epigenetic mechanisms that are promising markers of the development, diagnosis and prognosis of the effectiveness of treatment of melanoma of the skin and mucous membranes. This review contains up-to-date information on the molecular mechanisms of the disease associated with the genetic characteristics of the tumor and biological factors of resistance to therapy. Of particular interest is the intersection of signaling pathways associated with melanocyte-inducing transcription factor (MITF), which is associated with transcription and growth factors, and is a target of epigenetic regulation using microRNAs and long non-coding RNAs.

Меланома кожи и слизистых остается глобальной медицинской проблемой, что обусловлено ростом распространенности этого заболевания и отсутствием адекватных молекулярно-генетических маркеров его диагностики и прогноза течения. Развитие молекулярных подходов в лечении данного вида опухоли связано с выявлением мутаций, а также с разработкой иммунотерапевтических и таргетных препаратов, способных повысить эффективность лечения пациентов с данной патологией. Однако гетерогенность механизмов развития опухоли и формирование резистентности представляют проблему. Стоит отметить наличие множества эпигенетических факторов, являющихся перспективными маркерами развития, диагностики и прогноза эффективности лечения меланомы кожи и слизистых. В настоящем обзоре собрана актуальная на данный момент информация о молекулярных механизмах заболевания, обусловленных генетическими особенностями опухоли и биологическими причинами резистентности к терапии. Особый интерес представляет перекрест сигнальных путей, связанных с меланоцит-индуцирующим транскрипционным фактором (melanocyte inducing transcription factor, MITF), который ассоциирован с транскрипционными и ростовыми факторами, а также представляет собой мишень эпигенетической регуляции с помощью микроРНК и длинных некодирующих РНК.

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