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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Advances in Molecular Oncology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Advances in Molecular Oncology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Успехи молекулярной онкологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2313-805X</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2413-3787</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Publishing House ABV Press</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">648</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17650/2313-805X-2024-11-1-46-54</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>EXPERIMENTAL REPORT</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНАЯ СТАТЬЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Transcriptional, growth factors, components of the AKT/mTOR signaling pathway, receptors and ligands of programmed cell death expression in melanoma</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Экспрессия транскрипционных, ростовых факторов, компонентов сигнального пути AKT/mTOR, рецепторов и лигандов программируемой клеточной гибели ткани меланомы</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0004-7211-7686</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Nikulnikov</surname><given-names>K. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Никульников</surname><given-names>К. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>5 Cooperative Lane, Tomsk 634009</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Константин Валерьевич Никульников</p><p>634009 Томск, пер. Кооперативный, 5</p></bio><email>Kast10sha91@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0003-8473-4182</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bogdanova</surname><given-names>V. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Богданова</surname><given-names>В. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>2 Moskovsky Tract, Tomsk 634050</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>634050 Томск, Московский тракт, 2</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5269-736X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Spirina</surname><given-names>L. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Спирина</surname><given-names>Л. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>5 Cooperative Lane, Tomsk 634009; 2 Moskovsky Tract, Tomsk 634050</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>634009 Томск, пер. Кооперативный, 5; 634050 Томск, Московский тракт, 2</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2974-4778</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Chizhevskaya</surname><given-names>S. Yu.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чижевская</surname><given-names>С. Ю.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>5 Cooperative Lane, Tomsk 634009; 2 Moskovsky Tract, Tomsk 634050</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>634009 Томск, пер. Кооперативный, 5; 634050 Томск, Московский тракт, 2</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0947-8778</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kondakova</surname><given-names>I. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кондакова</surname><given-names>И. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>5 Cooperative Lane, Tomsk 634009</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>634009 Томск, пер. Кооперативный, 5</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3651-0665</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Choynzonov</surname><given-names>E. L.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чойнзонов</surname><given-names>Е. Л.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>5 Cooperative Lane, Tomsk 634009; 2 Moskovsky Tract, Tomsk 634050</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>634009 Томск, пер. Кооперативный, 5; 634050 Томск, Московский тракт, 2</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8753-7916</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Chernov</surname><given-names>V. I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чернов</surname><given-names>В. И.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>5 Cooperative Lane, Tomsk 634009</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>634009 Томск, пер. Кооперативный, 5</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Cancer Research Institute of the Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Научно-исследовательский институт онкологии ФГБУ «Томский национальный исследовательский медицинский центр» Российской академии наук</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Siberian State Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВО «Сибирский государственный медицинский университет» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-01-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>01</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>11</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>46</fpage><lpage>54</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-04-05"><day>05</day><month>04</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2024-04-05"><day>05</day><month>04</month><year>2024</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Nikulnikov K.V., Bogdanova V.A., Spirina L.V., Chizhevskaya S.Y., Kondakova I.V., Choynzonov E.L., Chernov V.I.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Никульников К.В., Богданова В.А., Спирина Л.В., Чижевская С.Ю., Кондакова И.В., Чойнзонов Е.Л., Чернов В.И.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Nikulnikov K.V., Bogdanova V.A., Spirina L.V., Chizhevskaya S.Y., Kondakova I.V., Choynzonov E.L., Chernov V.I.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Никульников К.В., Богданова В.А., Спирина Л.В., Чижевская С.Ю., Кондакова И.В., Чойнзонов Е.Л., Чернов В.И.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://umo.abvpress.ru/jour/article/view/648">https://umo.abvpress.ru/jour/article/view/648</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Introduction.</bold> Melanoma is the most dangerous neoplasm of the skin, characterized by a malignant and aggressive course. Transcriptional and growth factors, components of the AKT/mTOR signaling pathway, receptors and ligands of programmed cell death are involved in significant processes of oncogenesis.</p><p><bold>Aim.</bold> To study the expression of components of the AKT/mTOR (mTOR – mammalian target of rapamycin) signaling pathway, transcription and growth factors, expression of AMPK, LC3B, programmed cell death 1 (PD-1), programmed death-ligand 1 PD-L1 and programmed death-ligand 2 (PD-L2) in skin and mucosal tumor tissues.</p><p><bold>Materials and methods</bold>. The study included 21 patients with a verified diagnosis of melanoma of the skin of various localizations and mucous membranes of the nasal cavity T1a–4bN0M0 (I–IV stages) and 18 patients with basal cell carcinoma of the skin of various localizations T1–4N0M0 (I–VIA stages), aged 45 to 72 years old, who were treated in the department of head and neck tumors of the Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center. The presence of tumor ulceration was determined by microscopy and registration of the true absence of the epidermis over the tumor or due to traumatization of the epidermis. Expression of components of the AKT/mTOR signaling pathway, transcription and growth factors, expression of AMPK, LC3B, PD-1, PD-L1 and PD-L2 in the tumor tissue was determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction.</p><p><bold>Results</bold>. An increase in the expression of 70 S6 kinase and VHL was found in melanoma tissues compared to basal cell carcinoma. At the same time, the presence of signs of ulceration was associated with a low level of c-RAF, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) p50 and hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) matrix RNA (mRNA) against the background of an increase in the expression of the hypoxia-inducible factor 2 (HIF-2) transcription factor. The study of the molecular features of neoplasms in relation to the tumor thickness according to Breslow revealed the contribution of transcription and growth factors, the intensity of intracellular signaling processes, modification of the microenvironment, autophagy and neoangiogenesis.</p><p><bold>Conclusion.</bold> The molecular and biological features of melanomas associated with invasive tumor growth have been identified. An increase in the expression of 70 S6 kinase and VHL are characteristic of a malignant skin tumor. The presence of signs of ulceration and tumor invasion were associated with a change in the transcriptional characteristics of factors with the induction of key markers, oncogenesis, which contributes to the formation of the invasive potential of the tumor.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Введение.</bold> Меланома представляет собой опасное новообразование кожи, характеризующееся злокачественным и агрессивным течением. Транскрипционные и ростовые факторы, компоненты сигнального пути AKT/mTOR (mTOR – мишень рапамицина млекопитающих), рецепторы и лиганды программируемой клеточной гибели задействованы в значимых процессах онкогенеза.</p><p><bold>Цель исследования</bold> – изучение экспрессии компонентов сигнального пути AKT/mTOR, транскрипционных и ростовых факторов, AMPK, LC3B, рецептора программируемой клеточной гибели 1 (PD-1) и его лигандов PD-L1 и PD-L2 в тканях опухолей кожи и слизистых.</p><p><bold>Материалы и методы</bold>. В исследование включены 21 пациент с верифицированной меланомой кожи различных локализаций и слизистых оболочек полости носа Т1а–4вN0M0 (I–IV стадий) и 18 пациентов с базально-клеточным раком кожи различных локализаций Т1–4N0M0 (I–VIA стадий) в возрасте от 45 до 72 лет, проходившие лечение</p><p> в отделении опухолей головы и шеи Научно-исследовательского института онкологии Томского национального исследовательского медицинского центра и имеющие разный инвазивный потенциал. Наличие изъязвления опухоли выявляли путем проведения микроскопии и регистрации истинного отсутствия эпидермиса над новообразованием. экспрессию компонентов сигнального пути AKT/mTOR, транскрипционных и ростовых факторов, AMPK, LC3B, PD-1, PD-L1 и PD-L2 в ткани опухоли определяли с помощью полимеразной цепной реакции в реальном времени.</p><p><bold>Результаты.</bold> В тканях меланом выявлено повышение экспрессии 70 S6 киназы и VHL по сравнению с базально-клеточным раком. При этом наличие признаков изъязвления ассоциировано с низким уровнем матричной РНк (мРНк), c-RAF, транскрипционного ядерного фактора каппа B (NF-kB) p50 и фактора, индуцируемого гипоксией 1 (HIF-1), на фоне роста экспрессии фактора, индуцируемого гипоксией 2 (HIF-2). Исследование молекулярных особенностей новообразований в связи с толщиной опухоли по Бреслоу позволило выявить вклад в опухолевую прогрессию транскрипционных и ростовых факторов, интенсивности процессов внутриклеточного сигналинга, модификации микроокружения опухоли, процессов аутофагии и неоангиогенеза.</p><p><bold>Заключение. </bold>Выявлены молекулярные и биологические особенности меланом, связанные с инвазивным ростом опухоли. Для злокачественных новообразований кожи характерно повышение экспрессии 70 S6 киназы и VHL. Признаки изъязвления и инвазия опухоли ассоциированы с изменением транскрипционных факторов, индукцией ключевых маркеров онкогенеза, что способствует формированию инвазивного потенциала опухоли.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>melanoma</kwd><kwd>components of the AKT/mTOR signaling pathway</kwd><kwd>nuclear factor kappa B</kwd><kwd>hypoxia-inducible factor 1</kwd><kwd>hypoxia-inducible factor 2</kwd><kwd>AMPK</kwd><kwd>LC3B</kwd><kwd>programmed cell death 1</kwd><kwd>programmed death-ligand 1</kwd><kwd>programmed death-ligand 2</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>меланома</kwd><kwd>компоненты сигнального пути AKT/mTOR</kwd><kwd>транскрипционный ядерный фактор каппа B</kwd><kwd>фактор, индуцируемый гипоксией 1</kwd><kwd>фактор, индуцируемый гипоксией 2</kwd><kwd>AMPK</kwd><kwd>LC3B</kwd><kwd>рецептор программируемой клеточной гибели 1</kwd><kwd>лиганд рецептора программируемой клеточной гибели 1</kwd><kwd>лиганд рецептора программируемой клеточной гибели 2</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study was conducted without sponsorship</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование проведено без спонсорской поддержки</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Arnold M., Singh D., Laversanne M. et al. 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