<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Advances in Molecular Oncology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Advances in Molecular Oncology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Успехи молекулярной онкологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2313-805X</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2413-3787</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Publishing House ABV Press</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">676</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17650/2313-805X-2024-11-2-50-62</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEW ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">A modern view of the role of genetic factors in the etiopathogenesis of breast cancer</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Современный взгляд на роль генетических факторов в этиопатогенезе рака молочной железы</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7754-5231</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Pavlova</surname><given-names>N. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Павлова</surname><given-names>Н. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>308010; 1 Kuibysheva St.; 308015; 85 Pobedy St.; Belgorod</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>308010; ул. Куйбышева, 1; Белгород; 308015; ул. Победы, 85; Белгород;</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9956-4775</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Dyomin</surname><given-names>S. S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дёмин</surname><given-names>С. С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Sergey Sergeevich Demin</p><p>308010; 1 Kuibysheva St.; 308015; 85 Pobedy St.; Belgorod</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Сергей Сергеевич Дёмин</p><p>308010; ул. Куйбышева, 1; 308015; ул. Победы, 85; Белгород;</p></bio><email>doctor.dyomin@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1254-6134</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Churnosov</surname><given-names>M. I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чурносов</surname><given-names>М. И.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>308015; 85 Pobedy St.; Belgorod</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>308015; ул. Победы, 85; Белгород;</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5652-0166</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ponomarenko</surname><given-names>I. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пономаренко</surname><given-names>И. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>308015; 85 Pobedy St.; Belgorod</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>308015; ул. Победы, 85; Белгород;</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Belgorod Regional Oncological Dispensary</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ОГБУЗ «Белгородский областной онкологический диспансер»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Belgorod National Research University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГАОУ ВО «Белгородский государственный национальный исследовательский университет»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-05-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>05</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>11</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>50</fpage><lpage>62</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-06-28"><day>28</day><month>06</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2024-06-28"><day>28</day><month>06</month><year>2024</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Pavlova N.V., Dyomin S.S., Churnosov M.I., Ponomarenko I.V.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Павлова Н.В., Дёмин С.С., Чурносов М.И., Пономаренко И.В.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Pavlova N.V., Dyomin S.S., Churnosov M.I., Ponomarenko I.V.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Павлова Н.В., Дёмин С.С., Чурносов М.И., Пономаренко И.В.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://umo.abvpress.ru/jour/article/view/676">https://umo.abvpress.ru/jour/article/view/676</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>   The aim of this review </bold>is to summarize current understandings of the genetic risk factors for the development of breast cancer (BC), evaluate the role of germline mutations and single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with the disease, based on genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and other associative studies.</p><p>   The search for relevant sources was conducted in PubMed, Medline, Cochrane Library, eLIBRARY, and the NHGRI-EBI Catalog of GWAS. The analysis includes works published from January 2007 to December 2022. A total of 197 sources focused on the role of genetic factors in the development of BC were found. Search queries included data on associations of various molecular-genetic markers – germline mutations, and single nucleotide polymorphisms – with the formation of BC. From this body of work, 45 studies were included in the current review. The inclusion criterion for the analysis wasthe presence of GWAS data and associative studies conducted among patients with representative samples with the necessary power. Additionally, results characterizing the clinical-pathological significance (association with molecular subtypes of BC, therapy features, disease prognosis) of BC genetic factors were evaluated. Excluded from the analysis were data from associative studies of candidate genes for malignant breast neoplasms that are morphologically not carcinomas, performed on small (non-representative) patient samples and control groups. Mutations in genes with high and moderate penetrance (BRCA1/2, CHEK2, PALB2, etc.) are associated with the onset of BC in 5 % of cases. Among families with two or more members affected by BC, their share reaches only 30–40 %. GWAS data revealed the role of more than 180 polymorphic loci associated with BC, which determine a heritability rate of about 18 %. According to twin studies, this rate is 1.7 times higher, reaching 31 %. Meanwhile, the contribution of environmental factors is no more than 16 %. The proportion of unidentified hereditary factors in BC formation is about 8 %. However, contemporary studies of associations of various candidate genes (ESR1/2, IGF1, EGFR, VEGF, TNFα, MMPs, etc.), whose signaling pathways regulate BC tumor progression, show their involvement in carcinogenesis. Thus, the unknown heritability in BC formation may reach 40 %. The proportion of germline mutations in major BC predisposition genes in the population is low. Genetic variations within the same gene (e.g., BRCA1) show ethnic or territorial diversity. Nevertheless, a significant portion of BC heritability is determined by various candidate genes, whose role in forming individual BC risk is demonstrated by GWAS. Substantial evidence on the involvement of key carcinogenesis-regulating genes in BC development is being accumulated. Each of the three considered groups of genetic factors has important clinical-pathological significance and can influence the course and prognosis of the disease.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>   Целью настоящего обзора</bold> является обобщение современных представлений о генетических факторах риска развития рака молочной железы (РмЖ), оценка роли герминальных мутаций и однонуклеотидных полиморфизмов, связанных с заболеванием по данным полногеномных (GWAS) и других ассоциативных исследований.</p><p>   Поиск необходимых источников осуществлялся в системах PubMed, Medline, Cochrane Library, eLIBRARY и NHGRI-EBI Catalog of GWAS. В анализ включены работы, опубликованные в период с января 2007 г. по декабрь 2022 г. Найдены 197 источников, посвященных изучению роли генетических факторов в развитии РМЖ. Поисковые запросы включали данные об ассоциациях различных молекулярно-генетических маркеров – герминальных мутаций, а также однонуклеотидных полиморфизмов с формированием РМЖ. Из этой совокупности работ в настоящий обзор вошли 45 исследований. Критерием включения в анализ было наличие данных GWAS и ассоциативных исследований, выполненных на репрезентативных выборках пациентов с необходимой мощностью. Также оценивались результаты, характеризующие клинико-патологическое значение (связь с молекулярными подтипами РМЖ, особенностями терапии, прогнозом заболевания) генетических факторов РМЖ. Исключены из анализа данные ассоциативных исследований генов-кандидатов злокачественных новообразований молочной железы, морфологически не являющихся карциномами, в которые вошли малочисленные (нерепрезентативные) выборки пациентов и группы контроля. Мутации в генах с высокой и умеренной пенетрантностью (BRCA1/2, CHEK2, PALB2 и др.) в 5 % случаев связаны с возникновением РМЖ. При этом их доля среди семей, в которых 2 и более члена страдают РМЖ, достигает лишь 30–40 %. В рамках GWAS выявлена роль более 180 полиморфных локусов, ассоциированных с РМЖ, которые определяют показатель наследуемости в 18 % случаев. По итогам близнецовых исследований этот показатель в 1,7 раза выше и достигает 31 %. При этом вклад средовых факторов – не более 16 %. Доля неустановленных наследственных факторов в формировании РМЖ составляет примерно 8 %, Вместе с тем современные исследования ассоциаций различных генов-кандидатов (ESR1/2, IGF1, EGFR, VEGF, TNFα, MMPs и др.), чьи сигнальные пути регулируют опухолевую прогрессию РМЖ, показывают их вовлеченность в канцерогенез. Таким образом, неизвестная наследственность в формировании РМЖ может достигать 40 %. Доля герминальных мутаций основных генов предрасположенности к РМЖ в популяции невысока, при этом генетические изменения внутри одного и того же гена (например, BRCA1) демонстрируют этническое или территориальное разнообразие. Вместе с тем значительная часть наследуемости РмЖ определяется различными генами-кандидатами, роль которых в формировании индивидуального риска РМЖ продемонстрирована GWAS. Активно накапливается фактический материал по вовлеченности основных генов-регуляторов канцерогенеза в развитие РМЖ. каждая из трех рассмотренных групп генетических факторов имеет большое клинико-патологическое значение и способна влиять на течение и прогноз заболевания.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>breast cancer</kwd><kwd>risk factors</kwd><kwd>biological mechanisms</kwd><kwd>matrix metalloproteinases</kwd><kwd>genome wide associations study</kwd><kwd>candidate genes</kwd><kwd>germ-line mutations</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>рак молочной железы</kwd><kwd>факторы риска</kwd><kwd>биологические механизмы</kwd><kwd>матриксные металлопротеиназы</kwd><kwd>полногеномные ассоциативные исследования</kwd><kwd>гены-кандидаты</kwd><kwd>герминальные мутации</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The work was performed without external funding</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена без спонсорской поддержки</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Gradishar W.J., Anderson B.O., Blair S.L. et al. Breast cancer version 3.2014. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 2014;12(4):542–90. DOI: 10.6004/jnccn.2014.0058</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Sung H., Ferlay J., Siegel R.L. et al. Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin 2021;71(3):209–49. DOI: 10.3322/caac.21660</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ed. by A.D. Kaprin, V.V. Starinskii, G.V. Petrova. Malignant neoplasms in Russia in 2018. Moscow: MNIOI im. P.A. Gertsena – filial FGBU “NMITS radiologii” Minzdrava Rossii, 2019. 250 p. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Злокачественные новообразования в России в 2018 году. Под ред. А.Д. Каприна, В.В. Старинского, Г.В. Петровой. М.: МНИОИ им. П.А. Герцена – филиал ФГБУ «НМИЦ радиологии» Минздрава России, 2019. 250 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pasenov K.N. Features of associations of SHBG-related genes with breast cancer in women, depending on the presence of hereditary burden and mutations in the BRCA1/CHEK2 genes. Nauchnye rezul’taty biomedicintskikh issledovaniy = Research Results in Biomedicine 2024; 10(1):69–88. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.18413/2658-6533-2024-10-1-0-4</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Пасенов К.Н. Особенности ассоциаций SHBG-связанных генов с раком молочной железы у женщин в зависимости от наличия наследственной отягощенности и мутаций в генах BRCA1/CHEK2. Научные результаты биомедицинских исследований 2024;10(1): 69–88. DOI: 10.18413/2658-6533-2024-10-1-0-4</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Healthcare in Russia. 2021: stat. sat. Rosstat, 2021. 171 p. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Здравоохранение в России. 2021 : cтат. сб. Росстат, 2021. 171 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Ferlay J., Colombet M., Soerjomataram I. et al. Cancer statistics for the year 2020: an overview. Int J Cancer 2021. DOI: 10.1002/ijc.33588</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Lilyquist J., Ruddy K.J., Vachon C.M., Couch F.J. Common genetic variation and breast cancer risk-past, present, and future. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2018;27(4):380–94. DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-17-1144</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Möller S., Mucci L.A., Harris J.R. et al. The heritability of breast cancer among women in the Nordic twin study of cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2016;25(1):145–50. DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-15-0913</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Shiovitz S., Korde L.A. Genetics of breast cancer: a topic in evolution. Ann Oncol 2015;26(7):1291–9. DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdv022</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Valova Ya.V., Mingazheva E.T., Prokof’eva D.S. et al. Ovarian cancer as part of hereditary oncological syndromes (review). Nauchnye rezul’taty biomedicintskikh issledovaniy = Research Results in Biomedicine 2021;7(4):330–62. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.18413/2658-6533-2021-7-4-0-2</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Валова Я.В., Мингажева Э.Т., Прокофьева Д.С. и др. Рак яичников в составе наследственных онкологических синдромов (обзор). Научные результаты биомедицинских исследований 2021;7(4):330–62. DOI: 10.18413/2658-6533-2021-7-4-0-2</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Shen L., Zhang S., Wang K., Wang X. Familial breast cancer: disease related gene mutations and screening strategies for chinese population. Front Oncol 2021;11:740227. DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.740227</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Rebbeck T.R., Mitra N., Wan F. Association of type and location of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations with risk of breast and ovarian cancer. JAMA 2015;313(13):1347–61. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2014.5985</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Rebbeck T.R., Friebel T.M., Friedman E. et al. Mutational spectrum in a worldwide study of 29,700 families with BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations. Hum Mutat 2018;39(5):593–620. DOI: 10.1002/humu.23406</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Tung N., Lin N.U., Kidd J. et al. Frequency of germline mutations in 25 cancer susceptibility genes in a sequential series of patients with breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 2016;34(13):1460–8. DOI: 10.1200/JCO.2015.65.0747</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Imyanitov E.N. Hereditary breast cancer. Prakticheskaya onkologiya = Practical Oncology 2010:11(4);258–66. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Имянитов Е.Н. Наследственный рак молочной железы. Практическая онкология 2010;11(4):258–66.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lyubchenko L.N., Bateneva E.I., Abramov I.S. et al. Hereditary breast and ovarian cancer. Zlokachestvennye opukholi = Malignant Tumors 2013;2(6):53–60. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Любченко Л.Н., Батенева Е.И., Абрамов И.С. и др. Наследственный рак молочной железы и яичников. Злокачественные опухоли 2013:2(6):53–60</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Inagaki-Kawata Y., Yoshida K., Kawaguchi-Sakita N. et al. Genetic and clinical landscape of breast cancers with germline BRCA1/2 variants. Commun Biol 2020;3(1):578. DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01301-9</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Sokolenko A.P., Volkov N.M., Preobrazhenskaya E.V. et al. Evidence for a pathogenic role of BRCA1 L1705P and W1837X germ-line mutations. Mol Biol Rep 2016;43(5):335–8. DOI: 10.1007/s11033-016-3968-0</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bermisheva M.A., Bogdanova N.V., Giljazova I.R. et al. Ethnic features of genetic susceptibility to breast cancer. Genetica = Genetics 2018;54(2):233–42. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.7868/S0016675818020042</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бермишева М.А., Богданова Н.В., Гилязова И.Р. и др. Этнические особенности формирования генетической предрасположенности к развитию рака молочной железы. Генетика 2018; 54(2):233–42. DOI: 10.7868/S0016675818020042</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bermisheva M.A., Zinnatullina G.F., Giliazova I.R. et al. The prevalence of the c.5161C&gt;T mutation of the BRCA1 gene in patients with cancer from the Republic of Bashkortostan. Uspekhi molekulyarnoy onkologii = Advances in Molecular Oncology 2021;8(4): 84–93. (In Russ.). URL: https://umo.abvpress.ru/jour/article/view/393</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бермишева М.А., Зиннатуллина Г.Ф., Гилязова И.Р. и др. Распространенность мутации c.5161C&gt;T гена BRCA1 у пациентов с онкологическими заболеваниями из Республики Башкортостан. Успехи молекулярной онкологии 2021;8(4):84–93. URL: https://umo.abvpress.ru/jour/article/view/393</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">GWAS Catalog. The NHGRI-EBI Catalog of human genome-wide association studies. Available at: https://www.ebi.ac.uk/gwas/search?query=breast% 20carcinoma.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">GWAS Catalog. The NHGRI-EBI Catalog of human genome-wide association studies. Available at: https://www.ebi.ac.uk/gwas/search?query=breast%20carcinoma.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Easton D.F., Pooley K.A., Dunning A.M. et al. Genome-wide association study identifies novel breast cancer susceptibility loci. Nature 2007;28;447(7148):1087–93. DOI: 10.1038/nature05887</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Turnbull C., Ahmed S., Morrison J. et al. Genome-wide association study identifies five new breast cancer susceptibility loci. Nat Genet 2010;42(6):504–7. DOI: 10.1038/ng.586</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Sehrawat B., Sridharan M., Ghosh S. et al. Potential novel candidate polymorphisms identified in genome-wide association study for breast cancer susceptibility. Hum Genet 2011;130(4):529–37. DOI: 10.1007/s00439-011-0973-1</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Long J., Cai Q., Sung H. et al. Genome-wide association study in east Asians identifies novel susceptibility loci for breast cancer. PLoS Genet 2012;8(2):e1002532. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002532</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Han M.R., Long J., Choi J.Y. et al. Genome-wide association study in East Asians identifies two novel breast cancer susceptibility loci. Hum Mol Genet 2016;25(15):3361–71. DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw164</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Cai Q., Zhang B., Sung H. et al. Genome-wide association analysis in East Asians identifies breast cancer susceptibility loci at 1q32.1, 5q14.3 and 15q26.1. Nat Genet 2014;46(8):886–90. DOI: 10.1038/ng.3041</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Michailidou K., Lindström S., Dennis J. et al. Association analysis identifies 65 new breast cancer risk loci. Nature 2017;551(7678):92–4. DOI: 10.1038/nature24284</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Sun T., Lian R., Liang X., Sun D. Association between ESR1 XBAI and breast cancer susceptibility : a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Invest Med 2022;45(1):E21–34. DOI: 10.25011/cim.v45i1.37842</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Zheng Q., Ye J., Wu H. et al. Association between mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 1 polymorphisms and breast cancer susceptibility: a meta-analysis of 20 case-control studies. PLoS One 2014;9(3):e90771. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090771</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>Chen J., Xiao Q., Li X. et al. The correlation of leukocyte-specific protein 1 (LSP1) rs3817198(T&gt;C) polymorphism with breast cancer: a meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022;101(45):e31548. DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000031548</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>Shi J., Aronson K.J., Grundy A. et al. Polymorphisms of insulin-like growth factor 1 pathway genes and breast cancer risk. Front Oncol 2016;6:136. DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2016.00136</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Malivanova T.F., Alferova E.V., Ostashkin A.S. et al. The overall survival rate of breast cancer patients depends on a combination of polymorphisms of the tumor necrosis factor gene and HLA haplotypes. Molekulyarnaya genetika, mikrobiologiya i virusologiya = Molecular Genetics, Microbiology and Virology 2020;38(1):40–8. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Маливанова Т.Ф., Алферова Е.В., Осташкин А.С. и др. Общая выживаемость больных раком молочной железы зависит от сочетания полиморфизмов гена фактора некроза опухоли и HLA-гаплотипов. Молекулярная генетика, микробиология и вирусология 2020;38(1):40–8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>Li Z., Wang Y., Liu C. et al. Association between VEGF single nucleotide polymorphism and breast cancer in the Northern China Han population. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2021;186(1):149–56. DOI: 10.1007/s10549-020-06024-3</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shevchenko A.V., Konenkov V.I., Garbukov E.Yu., Stakheeva M.N. The association of polymorphism in the promoter regions of metalloproteinase genes (MMP 2, MMP3, MMP 9) with variants of the clinical course of breast cancer in Russian women. Voprosy onkologii = Oncology Issues 2014;60(5):630–5. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шевченко А.В., Коненков В.И., Гарбуков Е.Ю., Стахеева М.Н. Ассоциированность полиморфизма в промоторных участках генов металлопротеиназ (MMP2, MMP3, MMP9) с вариантами клинического течения рака молочной железы у женщин России. Вопросы онкологии 2014 60(5):630–5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><mixed-citation>Zhang X., Jin G., Li J., Zhang L. Association between four MMP-9 polymorphisms and breast cancer risk: a meta-analysis. Med Sci Monit 2015;21:1115–23. DOI: 10.12659/MSM.893890</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><mixed-citation>Pavlova N., Demin S., Churnosov M. et al. Matrix metalloproteinase gene polymorphisms are associated with breast cancer in the caucasian women of Russia. Int J Mol Sci 2022;23(20): 12638. DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012638</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38.</label><mixed-citation>Pavlova N., Demin S., Churnosov M. et al. The modifying effect of obesity on the association of matrix metalloproteinase gene polymorphisms with breast cancer risk. Biomedicines 2022;10(10):2617. DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10102617</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B39"><label>39.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pavlova N.V., Orlova V.S., Batlutskaya I.V. et al. The role of highly penetrant mutations in BRCA1 and CHEK2 genes in the pattern of associations of matrix metalloproteinase gene polymorphisms with breast cancer. Nauchnye rezul’taty biomedicintskikh issledovaniy = Research Results in Biomedicine 2022;8(2):180–97. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.18413/2658-6533-2022-8-2-0-4</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Павлова Н.В., Орлова В.С., Батлуцкая И.В. и др. Роль высокопенетрантных мутаций в генах BRCA1 и CHEK2 в характере ассоциаций полиморфизма генов матриксных металлопротеиназ с раком молочной железы. Научные результаты биомедицинских исследований 2022;8(2):180–97. DOI: 10.18413/2658-6533-2022-8-2-0-4</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B40"><label>40.</label><mixed-citation>Purrington K.S., Slager S., Eccles D. et al. Genome-wide association study identifies 25 known breast cancer susceptibility loci as risk factors for triple-negative breast cancer. Carcinogenesis 2014;35(5): 1012–9. DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgt404</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B41"><label>41.</label><mixed-citation>Huo D., Feng Y., Haddad S. et al. Genome-wide association studies in women of African ancestry identified 3q26.21 as a novel suscep-tibility locus for oestrogen receptor negative breast cancer. Hum Mol Genet 2016;25(21):4835–46. DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw305</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B42"><label>42.</label><mixed-citation>Cen Y.L., Qi M.L., Li H.G. et al. Associations of polymorphisms in the genes of FGFR2, FGF1, and RBFOX2 with breast cancer risk by estrogen/progesterone receptor status. Mol Carcinog 2013;52 Suppl 1:E52–9. DOI: 10.1002/mc.21979</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B43"><label>43.</label><mixed-citation>Bartnykaitė A., Savukaitytė A., Bekampytė J. et al. The role of matrix metalloproteinase single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the clinicopathological properties of breast cancer. Biomedicines 2022;10(8):1891. DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10081891</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B44"><label>44.</label><mixed-citation>Morra A., Escala-Garcia M., Beesley J. et al. Association of germline genetic variants with breast cancer-specific survival in patient subgroups defined by clinic-pathological variables related to tumor biology and type of systemic treatment. Breast Cancer Res 2021;23(1):86. DOI: 10.1186/s13058-021-01450-7</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B45"><label>45.</label><mixed-citation>Wang Y., Wu Z., Zhou L. et al. The impact of EGFR gene polymorphisms on the response and toxicity derived from neoadjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer. Gland Surg 2020;9(4):925–35. DOI: 10.21037/gs-20-330</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
