<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Advances in Molecular Oncology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Advances in Molecular Oncology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Успехи молекулярной онкологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2313-805X</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2413-3787</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Publishing House ABV Press</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">683</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17650/2313-805X-2024-11-2-130-146</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>RESEARCH ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Depolymerization of tubulin as the main molecular mechanism of the cytotoxic and antitumor activity of pyrrole-containing heterocyclic compounds</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Деполимеризация тубулина как основной молекулярный механизм цитотоксической и противоопухолевой активности пирролсодержащих гетероциклических соединений</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0293-2974</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Galembikova</surname><given-names>A. R.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Галембикова</surname><given-names>А. Р.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>420012; 49 Butlerova St.; Kazan</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>420012; ул. Бутлерова, 49; Казань</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5449-4435</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Dunaev</surname><given-names>P. D.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дунаев</surname><given-names>П. Д.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>420012; 49 Butlerova St.; Kazan</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>420012; ул. Бутлерова, 49; Казань</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0003-4348-9141</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ivoilova</surname><given-names>T. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ивойлова</surname><given-names>Т. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>420012; 49 Butlerova St.; Kazan</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>420012; ул. Бутлерова, 49; Казань</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0680-4595</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gilyazova</surname><given-names>A. I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гилязова</surname><given-names>А. И.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>420012; 49 Butlerova St.; Kazan</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>420012; ул. Бутлерова, 49; Казань</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0885-5994</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Galyautdinova</surname><given-names>A. E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Галяутдинова</surname><given-names>А. Э.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>420012; 49 Butlerova St.; Kazan</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>420012; ул. Бутлерова, 49; Казань</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8213-427X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Mikheeva</surname><given-names>E. G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Михеева</surname><given-names>Е. Г.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>420012; 49 Butlerova St.; Kazan</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>420012; ул. Бутлерова, 49; Казань</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7395-4951</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zykova</surname><given-names>S. S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зыкова</surname><given-names>С. С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>614990%; 2 Polevaya St.; Perm</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>614081; ул. Полевая, 2; Пермь</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0976-9951</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Igidov</surname><given-names>N. M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Игидов</surname><given-names>Н. М.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>614990%; 2 Polevaya St.; Perm</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>614081; ул. Полевая, 2; Пермь</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2078-4274</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kopnin</surname><given-names>P. B.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Копнин</surname><given-names>П. Б.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>115522; 24 Kashirskoye Shosse; Moscow</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>115522; Каширское шоссе, 24; Москва</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2415-1084</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Boichuk</surname><given-names>S. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бойчук</surname><given-names>С. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Sergei Vasilyevich Boichuk</p><p>420012; 49 Butlerova St.; 420008; 18 Kremlevskaya St.; Kazan; 125993; Bld. 1, 2 / 1 Barricadnaya St.; Moscow; 420111; 20 Bauman St.; Kazan</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Сергей Васильевич Бойчук</p><p>420012; ул. Бутлерова, 49; 420008; ул. Кремлевская, 18; Казань; 125993; ул. Баррикадная, 2 / 1, стр. 1; Москва; 420111; ул. Баумана, 20; Казань</p></bio><email>boichuksergei@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Kazan State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВО «Казанский государственный медицинский университет» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Perm State Academy of Pharmacy, Ministry of Health of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВО «Пермская государственная фармацевтическая академия» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">N.N. Blokhin National Medical Russian Research Center of Oncology, Ministry of Health of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Научно-исследовательский институт канцерогенеза ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр онкологии им. Н. Н. Блохина» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Biomarker Research Laboratory, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Научно-исследовательская лаборатория «Биомаркер», Институт фундаментальной медицины и биологии ФГАОУ ВО «Казанский (Приволжский) федеральный университет»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff5"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Medical Academy of Continuing Professional Education, Ministry of Health of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ДПО «Российская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образования» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff6"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Division of Mecial and Biological Sciences, Tatarstan Academy of Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Отделение медицинских и биологических наук, Академия наук Республики Татарстан</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-05-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>05</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>11</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>130</fpage><lpage>146</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-06-28"><day>28</day><month>06</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2024-06-28"><day>28</day><month>06</month><year>2024</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Galembikova A.R., Dunaev P.D., Ivoilova T.V., Gilyazova A.I., Galyautdinova A.E., Mikheeva E.G., Zykova S.S., Igidov N.M., Kopnin P.B., Boichuk S.V.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Галембикова А.Р., Дунаев П.Д., Ивойлова Т.В., Гилязова А.И., Галяутдинова А.Э., Михеева Е.Г., Зыкова С.С., Игидов Н.М., Копнин П.Б., Бойчук С.В.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Galembikova A.R., Dunaev P.D., Ivoilova T.V., Gilyazova A.I., Galyautdinova A.E., Mikheeva E.G., Zykova S.S., Igidov N.M., Kopnin P.B., Boichuk S.V.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Галембикова А.Р., Дунаев П.Д., Ивойлова Т.В., Гилязова А.И., Галяутдинова А.Э., Михеева Е.Г., Зыкова С.С., Игидов Н.М., Копнин П.Б., Бойчук С.В.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://umo.abvpress.ru/jour/article/view/683">https://umo.abvpress.ru/jour/article/view/683</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>   Introduction. </bold>Microtubules are highly dynamic polymers of α, β-tubulin dimers involves in a broad spectrum of the processes, such as intracellular transport and cell proliferation. This makes them an attractive molecular target for anti-cancer therapies. Substances that affect the dynamic state of tubulin microtubules are known as the mitotic poisons that are effectiveand widely used in the chemotherapy of various tumors. Mitotic poisons are able to interfere with polymerization (stabilization) or depolymerization of tubulin, which in turn leads to the arrest of cells in the M-phase (named as a mitotic catastrophe) and their subsequent death via activation of apoptotic mechanisms. However, the effectiveness of MP-based therapies is gradually decreasing over the time due to development of multiple drug resistance mechanisms in cancer cells. Thus, development of novel compounds selectively targeting tubulin and effectively overcoming multiple drugresistance phenotype in cancer is an urgent need in current oncology.</p><p><bold>   Aim. </bold>To examine the cytotoxic and antitumor activities of several pyrrole-containing heterocyclic compounds (EPC-91, EPC-92 and PCA-93) against cancer cell lines with epithelial and mesenchymal origin, including those with multiple drug resistance phenotype.</p><p><bold>   Materials and methods. </bold>Studies were performed on parental human cancer cell lines – triple-negative breast cancer HCC1806, gastrointestinal stromal tumor GIST T-1, osteosarcoma SaOS-2, – sensitive to chemotherapy (paclitaxel, doxorubicin) and their resistant sublines (HCC1806 Tx-R, GIST T-1 Tx-R, SaOS-2 Dox-R), as well as on murine colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line Colon-26, exhibiting primary resistance to the aforementioned chemotherapeutic agents.</p><p><bold>   Results. </bold>The cytotoxic activities of EPC-91 and PCA-93 were due to their abilities to depolymerize tubulin. The results of immunofluorescence microscopy and Western blotting indicated that the compounds disrupt assembly of tubulin microtubules and prevent polymerization of α-tubulin in cancer cells. Inhibition of tubulin polymerizations led to significant increasein number of round-shaped and phospho-histone 3 (e. g. mitotic) cells, followed by their death through apoptosis. PCA-93 also exhibited potent anti-tumor effect against Colon-26 cells due to its anti-proliferative and proapoptotic activities.</p><p><bold>   Conclusion.</bold> The data shown here illustrates potent cytotoxic activities of EPC-91 and PCA-93 against multiple cancer cell lines in vitro including those with multiple drug resistance phenotype. Similarly, PCA-93 was found to be highly effective against Colon-26 cell in vivo, thereby illustrating the attractive platform for the development of novel pyrrole-based agents exhibiting potent anti-tumor activities.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>   Введение. </bold>Микротрубочки представляют собой высокодинамичные полимеры димеров α- и β-тубулина, которые играют большую роль во многих клеточных процессах, таких как внутриклеточный транспорт и клеточная пролиферация, что делает их привлекательной мишенью для противоопухолевой терапии злокачественных новообразований. Вещества, влияющие на динамическое состояние тубулиновых микротрубочек, именуются митотическими ядами и являются эффективными и широко применяемыми в лечении различных опухолей химиопрепаратами. Митотические яды приводят к полимеризации (стабилизации) или деполимеризации тубулина, что вызывает задержку клеток в M-фазе (митотическую катастрофу) и их последующую гибель по механизму апоптоза. Однако эффективность данных химиопрепаратов снижается из-за активации в опухолевых клетках механизмов вторичной лекарственной устойчивости. Поэтому поиск новых соединений, нацеленных на тубулин, эффективных также в отношении опухолей с множественной лекарственной устойчивостью, является актуальной научно-практической задачей современной онкологии.</p><p><bold>   Цель исследования</bold> – изучить цитотоксическую и противоопухолевую активность некоторых пирролсодержащих гетероциклических соединений (EPC-91, EPC-92 и PCА-93) в отношении опухолевых клеточных линий эпителиального и мезенхимального происхождения, в том числе с фенотипом множественной лекарственной устойчивости.</p><p><bold>   Материалы и методы.</bold> Исследования проводили на клеточных линиях человека – трижды негативного рака молочной железы HCC1806, гастроинтестинальной стромальной опухоли GIST T-1, остеосаркомы SaOS-2, – чувствительных к химиопрепаратам (паклитаксел, доксорубицин), их резистентных сублиниях (HCC1806 Tx-R, GIST T-1 Tx-R, SaOS-2 Dox-R), а также на мышиной недифференцированной колоректальной аденокарциноме линии Colon-26, имеющейпервичную резистентность к химиопрепаратам.</p><p><bold>   Результаты. </bold>Цитотоксическая активность EPC-91 и PCА-93 обусловлена их способностью к деполимеризации тубулина. Результаты иммунофлуоресцентной микроскопии и вестерн-блоттинга свидетельствуют о способности данных соединений нарушать процессы сборки тубулиновых микротрубочек и предотвращать полимеризацию тубулина в опухолевых клетках. Ингибирование полимеризации тубулина в этих клетках приводило к митотической катастрофе и накоплению в популяции округлых митотических клеток с последующей их гибелью по механизму апоптоза. PCA-93 также показал высокий противоопухолевый эффект за счет проапоптотической активности в отношении синотрансплантата Colon-26.</p><p><bold>   Заключение.</bold> Результаты исследований показали высокую цитотоксическую активность EPC-91 и PCА-93 в отношении опухолевых клеточных линий эпидермального и мезенхимального происхождения, в том числе с множественной лекарственной устойчивостью, а также высокую противоопухолевую активность PCA-93 на модели синотрансплантата Colon-26, что открывает перспективы для создания новых эффективных противоопухолевых препаратов на основе пиррола.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>microtubules</kwd><kwd>tubulin depolymerization</kwd><kwd>cell cycle</kwd><kwd>apoptosis</kwd><kwd>mitotic catastrophe</kwd><kwd>multidrug resistance</kwd><kwd>triple-negative breast cancer</kwd><kwd>gastrointestinal stromal tumor</kwd><kwd>osteosarcoma</kwd><kwd>colorectal adenocarcinoma</kwd><kwd>ethyl-pyrrole-carboxyls</kwd><kwd>pyrrole-carboxamides</kwd><kwd>paclitaxel</kwd><kwd>vinblastine</kwd><kwd>doxorubicin</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>микротрубочки</kwd><kwd>деполимеризация тубулина</kwd><kwd>клеточный цикл</kwd><kwd>апоптоз</kwd><kwd>митотическая катастрофа</kwd><kwd>множественная лекарственная устойчивость</kwd><kwd>трижды негативный рак молочной железы</kwd><kwd>гастроинтестинальная стромальная опухоль</kwd><kwd>остеосаркома</kwd><kwd>колоректальная аденокарцинома</kwd><kwd>этил-пиррол-карбоксилы</kwd><kwd>пиррол-карбоксамиды</kwd><kwd>паклитаксел</kwd><kwd>винбластин</kwd><kwd>доксорубицин</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study was carried out with the support of the Russian Science Foundation (RSF) (grant No. 20-15-00001) and was performed as a part of Russia Strategic Academic Leadership Program (“Priority-2030”) of Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено при поддержке Российского научного фонда (грант № 20-15-00001) и проведено в рамках Программы стратегического академического лидерства ФГАОУ ВО «Казанский (Приволжский) федеральный университет» («Приоритет-2030»)</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Bhardwaj V., Gumber D., Abbot V. et al. Pyrrole: a resourceful small molecule in key medicinal hetero-aromatics. RSC Adv 2015;5:15233–66. DOI: 10.1039/C4RA15710A</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>DeSimone R.W., Currie K.S., Mitchell S.A. et al. Privileged structures: applications in drug discovery. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2004;7(5):473–93. DOI: 10.2174/1386207043328544</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Duarte C.D., Barreiro E.J., Fraga C.A.M. Privileged structures: a useful concept for the rational design of new lead drug candidates. Mini-Rev Med Chem 2007;7(11):1108–19. DOI: 10.2174/138955707782331722</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Li Petri G., Spanò V., Spatola R. et al. Bioactive pyrrole-based compounds with target selectivity. Eur J Med Chem 2020;208:112783. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112783</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Walsh C.T., Garneau-Tsodikova S., Howard-Jones A.R. Biological formation of pyrroles: Nature’s logic and enzymatic machinery. Nat Prod Rep 2006;23:517–31. DOI: 10.1039/b605245m</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Ahmad S., Alam O., Naim M.J. et al. Pyrrole: An insight into recent pharmacological advances with structure activity relationship. Eur J Med Chem 2018;157:527–61. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.08.002</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Bianco M.C.A.D., Marinho D.I.L.F., Hoelz L.V.B. et al. Pyrroles as privileged scaffolds in the search for new potential HIV inhibitors. Pharmaceuticals 2021;14(9):893. DOI: 10.3390/ph14090893</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>La Regina G., Bai R., Coluccia A. et al. New pyrrole derivatives with potent tubulin polymerization inhibiting activity as anticancer agents including hedgehog-dependent cancer. J Med Chem 2014;57:6531–52. DOI: 10.1021/jm500561a</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Jadala C., Prasad B., Prasanthi A.V.G. et al. Transition metal-free one-pot synthesis of substituted pyrroles by employing aza-Wittig reaction. RSC Adv 2019;9:30659–65. DOI: 10.1039/C9RA06778G</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Tang S., Zhou Z., Jiang Z. et al. Indole-based tubulin inhibitors: binding modes and sars investigations. Molecules 2022;27(5):1587. DOI: 10.3390/molecules27051587</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Romagnoli R., Oliva P., Salvador M.K. et al. A facile synthesis of diaryl pyrroles led to the discovery of potent colchicine site antimitotic agents. Eur J Med Chem 2021;214:113229. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113229</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Sun J., Chen L., Liu C. et al. Synthesis and biological evaluations of 1,2-diaryl pyrroles as analogues of combretastatin A-4. Chem Biol Drug Des 2015;86(6):1541–7. DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12617</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Ma Z., Ma Z., Zhang D. Synthesis of multi-substituted pyrrole derivatives through [3+2] cycloaddition with tosylmethyl isocyanides (TosMICs) and electron-deficient compounds. Molecules 2018;23(10):2666. DOI: 10.3390/molecules23102666</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Mowery P., Mejia F.B., Franceschi C.L. et al. Synthesis and evaluation of the anti-proliferative activity of diaryl-3-pyrrolin-2-ones and fused analogs. Bioorganic Med Chem Lett 2017;27(2):191–5. DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.11.076</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Boichuk S., Galembikova A., Syuzov K. et al. The design, synthesis, and biological activities of pyrrole-based carboxamides: the novel tubulin inhibitors targeting the colchicine-binding site. Molecules 2021;26(19):5780. DOI: 10.3390/molecules26195780</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Findeisen P., Mühlhausen S., Dempewolf S. et al. Six subgroups and extensive recent duplications characterize the evolution of the eukaryotic tubulin protein family. Genome Biol Evol 2014;6(9):2274–88. DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evu187</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Avila J. Microtubule functions. Life Sci 1992;50(5):327–34. DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(92)90433-P</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Vukušić K., Buđa R., Tolić I.M. Force-generating mechanisms of anaphase in human cells. J Cell Sci 2019;132(18):jcs231985. DOI: 10.1242/jcs.231985</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>de Forges H., Bouissou A., Perez F. Interplay between microtubule dynamics and intracellular organization. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2012;44(2):266–74. DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2011.11.009</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Bonifacino J.S., Neefjes J. Moving and positioning the endolysosomal system. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2017;47:266–74. DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2017.01.008</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Wood K.W., Cornwell W.D., Jackson J.R. Past and future of the mitotic spindle as an oncology target. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2001;1(4):370–7. DOI: 10.1016/s1471-4892(01)00064-9</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>von Hoff D.D. The taxoids: Same roots, different drugs. Semin Oncol 1997;24(13):S13-3–10.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Bollag D.M., McQueney P.A., Zhu J. et al. Epothilones, a new class of microtubule-stabilizing agents with a taxol-like mechanism of action. Cancer Res 1995;55(11):2325–33.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Gigant B., Wang C., Ravelli R.B.G. et al. Structural basis for the regulation of tubulin by vinblastine. Nature 2005;435(7041):519–22. DOI: 10.1038/nature03566</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Hastie S.B. Interactions of colchicine with tubulin. Pharmacol Ther 1991;51(3):377–401. DOI: 10.1016/0163-7258(91)90067-V</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Mooberry S.L., Tien G., Hernandez A.H. et al. Laulimalide and isolaulimalide, new paclitaxel-like microtubule-stabilizing agents. Cancer Res 1999;59(3):653–60.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Hamel E. Natural products which interact with tubulin in the vinca domain: Maytansine, rhizoxin, phomopsin a, dolastatins 10 and 15 and halichondrin B. Pharmacol Ther 1992;55(1):31–51. DOI: 10.1016/0163-7258(92)90028-X</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Jordan M.A., Wilson L. Microtubules as a target for anticancer drugs. Nat Cancer 2004;4(4):253–65. DOI: 10.1038/nrc1317</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Stanton R.A., Gernert K.M., Nettles J.H. et al. Drugs that target dynamic microtubules: a new molecular perspective. Med Res Rev 2011;31(3):443–81. DOI: 10.1002/med.20242</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Ravelli R.B., Gigant G., Curmi B. et al. Insight into tubulin regulation from a complex with colchicine and a stathmin-like domain. Nature 2004;428(6979):198–202. DOI: 10.1038/nature02393</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>Yang J., Wang Y., Wang T. et al. Pironetin reacts covalently with cysteine-316 of α-tubulin to destabilize microtubule. Nat Commun 2016;7:12103. DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12103</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>Prota A.E., Setter J., Waight A.B. et al. Pironetin binds covalently to αCys316 and perturbs a major loop and helix of α-tubulin to inhibit microtubule formation. J Mol Biol 2016;428(15):2981–8. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2016.06.023</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>Steinmetz M.O., Prota A.E. Microtubule-targeting agents: strategies to hijack the cytoskeleton. Trends Cell Biol 2018;28(10):776–92. DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2018.05.001</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>Fanale D., Bronte G., Passiglia F. et al. Stabilizing versus destabilizing the microtubules: A double-edge sword for an effective cancer treatment option? Anal Cell Pathol (Amst) 2015;2015:690916. DOI: 10.1155/2015/690916</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><mixed-citation>West L.M., Northcote P.T., Battershill C.N. Peloruside A. A potent cytotoxic macrolide isolated from the New Zealand marine sponge Mycale sp. J Org Chem 2000;65(2):445–9. DOI: 10.1021/jo991296y</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><mixed-citation>Prota A.E., Bargsten K., Northcote P.T. et al. Structural basis of microtubule stabilization by laulimalide and peloruside A. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014;53(6):1621–5. DOI: 10.1002/anie.201307749.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><mixed-citation>Chaplin D.J., Hill S.A. The development of combretastatin A4 phosphate as a vascular targeting agent. Int J Radiat Oncol 2002;54(5):1491–6. DOI: 10.1016/S0360-3016(02)03924-X</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38.</label><mixed-citation>Siemann D.W., Shi W. Dual targeting of tumor vasculature: combining Avastin and vascular disrupting agents (CA4P or OXi4503). Anticancer Res 2008;28(4 B):2027–31.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B39"><label>39.</label><mixed-citation>Lindamulage I.K., Vu H.-Y., Karthikeyan C. et al. Novel quinolone chalcones targeting colchicine-binding pocket kill multidrug-resistant cancer cells by inhibiting tubulin activity and MRP1 function. Sci Rep 2017;7(1):10298. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10972-0</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B40"><label>40.</label><mixed-citation>Gupta S., Banerjee M., Poddar A. et al. Biphasic kinetics of the colchicine−tubulin interaction: role of amino acids surrounding the A ring of bound colchicine molecule. Biochemistry 2005;44(30):10181–8. DOI: 10.1021/bi050599l</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B41"><label>41.</label><mixed-citation>McLoughlin E.C., O’Boyle N.M. Colchicine-binding site inhibitors from chemistry to clinic : a review. Pharmaceuticals 2020;13(1):8. DOI: 10.3390/ph13010008</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B42"><label>42.</label><mixed-citation>Arnst K.E., Banerjee S., Chen H. et al. Current advances of tubulin inhibitors as dual acting small molecules for cancer therapy. Med Res Rev 2019;39(4):1398–426. DOI: 10.1002/med.21568</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B43"><label>43.</label><mixed-citation>Зыкова С.С., Бойчук С.В., Галембикова А.Р. и др. 3-гидрокси-1,5-диарил-4-пивалоил-2,5-дигидро-2-пирролоны нарушают процессы митоза и индуцируют гибель опухолевых клеток in vitro. Цитология 2014;56:439–42. – Zykova S.S., Boychuk S.V., Galimbekova A.R. et al. 3-hydroxy-1,5-diaryl-4-pivaloyl-2,5-dihydro-2-pyrrolone disrupt the processes of mitosis and induce the death of tumor cells in vitro. Citologiya = Cytology 2014;56:439–42. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B44"><label>44.</label><mixed-citation>Boichuk S., Galembikova A., Zykova S. et al. Ethyl-2-amino-pyrrole-3-carboxylates are novel potent anticancer agents that affect tubulin polymerization, induce G2/M cell-cycle arrest, and effectively inhibit soft tissue cancer cell growth in vitro. Anti-Cancer Drugs 2016;27(7):620–34. DOI: 10.1097/CAD.0000000000000372</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B45"><label>45.</label><mixed-citation>Boichuk S., Galembikova A., Dunaev P. et al. Ethyl-2-amino-pyrrole-3-carboxylates are active against imatinib-resistant gastrointestinal stromal tumors in vitro and in vivo. Anti-Cancer Drugs 2019;30(5):475–84. DOI: 10.1097/CAD.0000000000000753</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B46"><label>46.</label><mixed-citation>Boichuk S., Bikinieva F., Mustafin I. et al. 2-Amino-pyrrole-carboxylate attenuates homology-mediated DNA repair and sensitizes cancer cells to doxorubicin. Biochemistry (Mosc) 2022;87(5):391–9. DOI: 10.1134/S0006297922050017</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B47"><label>47.</label><mixed-citation>Boichuk S., Syuzov K., Bikinieva F. et al. Computational-based discovery of the anti-cancer activities of pyrrole-based compounds targeting the colchicine-binding site of tubulin. Molecules 2022;27(9):2873. DOI: 10.3390/molecules27092873</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B48"><label>48.</label><mixed-citation>Boichuk S., Galembikova A., Bikinieva F. et al. 2-APCAs, the novel microtubule targeting agents active against distinct cancer cell lines. Molecules 2021;26(3):616. DOI: 10.3390/molecules26030616</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B49"><label>49.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Galembikova A.R., Dunaev P.D., Bikinieva F.F. et al. Mechanisms of cytotoxic activity of pyrrole-carboxamides against multidrug-resistant tumor cell sublines. Uspekhi molekulyarnoy onkologii = Advances in Molecular Oncology 2023;10(3):59–71. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.17650/2313-805X-2023-10-3-59-71</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Галембикова А.Р., Дунаев П.Д., Бикиниева Ф.Ф. и др. Механизмы цитотоксической активности пиррол-карбоксамидов в отношении опухолевых клеточных сублиний с множественной лекарственной устойчивостью. Успехи молекулярной онкологии 2023;10(3):59–71. DOI: 10.17650/2313-805X-2023-10-3-59-71</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B50"><label>50.</label><mixed-citation>Carta D., Bortolozzi R., Sturlese M. et al. Synthesis, structure-activity relationships and biological evaluation of 7-phenyl-pyrroloquinolinone 3-amide derivatives as potent antimitotic agents. Eur J Med Chem 2017;127:643–60. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.10.026</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B51"><label>51.</label><mixed-citation>Brindisi M., Ulivieri C., Alfano G. et al. Structure-activity relationships, biological evaluation and structural studies of novel pyrrolonaphthoxazepines as antitumor agents. Eur J Med Chem 2019;162:290–320. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.11.004</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B52"><label>52.</label><mixed-citation>Zykova S.S., Galembikova A.R., Ramazanov B.R. et al. Synthesis and cytotoxic activity of ethyl 2-amino-1-benzamido-4-oxo-5-(2-oxo-2-arylethylidene)-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrole-3-carboxylates. Pharm Chem J 2016;49(12):817–20. DOI: 10.1007/s11094-016-1378-1</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B53"><label>53.</label><mixed-citation>Zykova S.S., Igidov N.M., Zakhmatov A.V. et al. Synthesis and biological activity of 2-amino-1-aryl-5-(3,3-dimethyl-2-oxobutylidene)-4-oxo-n-(thiazol-5-yl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrole-3-carboxamides. Pharm Chem J 2018;52(3):198–204.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B54"><label>54.</label><mixed-citation>Zykova S.S., Kizimova I.A., Syutkina A.I. et al. Synthesis and cytostatic activity of (e)-ethyl-2-amino-5-(3,3-dimethyl-4-oxobutyliden)-4-oxo-1- (2-phenylaminobenzamido)-4,5-dihydro-1hpyrrol-3-carboxylate. Pharm Chem J 2020;53:895–8. DOI: 10.1007/s11094-020-02096-z</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B55"><label>55.</label><mixed-citation>Boichuk S., Galembikova A., Sitenkov A. et al. Establishment and characterization of a triple negative basal-like breast cancer cell line with multi-drug resistance. Oncol Lett 2017;14(4):5039–45. DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.6795</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B56"><label>56.</label><mixed-citation>Boichuk S., Bikinieva F., Valeeva E. et al. Establishment and characterization of multi-drug resistant p53-negative osteosarcoma SaOS-2 subline. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023;13(16):2646. DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13162646</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B57"><label>57.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khusnutdinov R.R., Galembikova A.R., Boichuk S.V. Establishment of the clone of gastrointestinal stromal tumor cells with the signs of multiple drug resistance and assessment of its properties. Sovremennye tehnologii v meditsine = Modern Technologies in Medicine 2016;8(4):36. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.17691/stm2016.8.4.05</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Хуснутдинов Р.Р., Галембикова А.Р., Бойчук С.В. Получение клона клеток гастроинтестинальной стромальной опухоли с признаками множественной лекарственной устойчивости и оценка его свойств. Современные технологии в медицине 2016;8(4):36–41. DOI: 10.17691/stm2016.8.4.05</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B58"><label>58.</label><mixed-citation>Taguchi T., Sonobe H., Toyonaga S. et al. Conventionaland molecular cytogenetic characterization of a newhuman cell line, GIST-T1, established from gastrointestinal stromal tumor. Lab Invest 2002;82(5):663–5. DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.3780461</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B59"><label>59.</label><mixed-citation>Wittmann C., Sivchenko A.S., Bacher F. et al. Inhibition of microtubule dynamics in cancer cells by indole-modified latonduine derivatives and their metal complexes. Inorg Chem 2022;61(3):1456–70. DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c03154</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B60"><label>60.</label><mixed-citation>Boichuk S., Dunaev P., Mustafin I. et al. Infigratinib (BGJ 398), a pan-FGFR inhibitor, targets P-glycoprotein and increases chemotherapeutic-induced mortality of multidrug-resistant tumor cells. Biomedicines 2022;10(3):601. DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10030601</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B61"><label>61.</label><mixed-citation>Marupudi N.I., Han J.E., Li K.W. et al. Paclitaxel : a review of adverse toxicities and novel delivery strategies. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2007;6(5):609–21. DOI: 10.1517/14740338.6.5.609</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B62"><label>62.</label><mixed-citation>Young J.A., Howell S.B., Green M.R. Pharmacokinetics and toxicity of 5-day continuous infusion of vinblastine. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1984;12(1):43–5. DOI: 10.1007/BF00255908</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B63"><label>63.</label><mixed-citation>Mora E., Smith E.M., Donohoe C. et al. Vincristine-induced peripheral neuropathy in pediatric cancer patients. Am J Cancer Res 2016;6(11):2416–30.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B64"><label>64.</label><mixed-citation>Abu Samaan T.M., Samec M., Liskova A. et al. Paclitaxel’s mechanistic and clinical effects on breast cancer. Biomolecules. 2019;9(12):789. DOI: 10.3390/biom9120789</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B65"><label>65.</label><mixed-citation>Hashemi M., Zandieh M.A., Talebi Y. et al. Paclitaxel and docetaxel resistance in prostate cancer: molecular mechanisms and possible therapeutic strategies. Biomed Pharmacother 2023;160:114392. DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114392</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B66"><label>66.</label><mixed-citation>Zhang Y., Yang S.H., Guo X.L. New insights into Vinca alkaloids resistance mechanism and circumvention in lung cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2017;96:659–66. DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.10.041</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B67"><label>67.</label><mixed-citation>Toledo B., González-Titos A., Hernández-Camarero P. et al. A brief review on chemoresistance; targeting cancer stem cells as an alternative approach. Int J Mol Sci 2023;24(5):4487. DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054487</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B68"><label>68.</label><mixed-citation>Distefano M., Scambia G., Ferlini C. et al. Antitumor activity of paclitaxel (taxol) analogues on MDR-positive human cancer cells. Anticancer Drug Des 1998;13(5):489–99.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B69"><label>69.</label><mixed-citation>Liu J., Yang X., Gao S. et al. DDX11-AS1 modulates DNA damage repair to enhance paclitaxel resistance of lung adenocarcinoma cells. Pharmacogenomics 2023;24(3):163–72. DOI: 10.2217/pgs-2022-0121</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B70"><label>70.</label><mixed-citation>Kavallaris M., Kuo D.Y., Burkhart C.A. et al. Taxol-resistant epithelial ovarian tumors are associated with altered expression of specific beta-tubulin isotypes. J Clin Investig 1997;100(5): 1282–93. DOI: 10.1172/JCI119642</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B71"><label>71.</label><mixed-citation>Poruchynsky M.S., Giannakakou P., Ward Y. et al. Accompanying protein alterations in malignant cells with a microtubule-polymerizing drug-resistance phenotype and a primary resistance mechanism. Biochem Pharmacol 2001;62(11):1469–80. DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(01)00804-8</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B72"><label>72.</label><mixed-citation>Houghton J.A., Houghton P.J., Hazelton B.J. et al. In situ selection of a human rhabdomyosarcoma resistant to vincristine with altered beta-tubulins. Cancer Res 1985;45(6):2706–12.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B73"><label>73.</label><mixed-citation>Stengel C., Newman S.P., Leese M.P. et al. Class III β-tubulin expression and in vitro resistance to microtubule targeting agents. Br J Cancer 2009;102:316–24. DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6605489</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B74"><label>74.</label><mixed-citation>Rodríguez-Antona C. Pharmacogenomics of paclitaxel. Pharmacogenomics 2010;11(5):621–3. DOI: 10.2217/pgs.10.32</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B75"><label>75.</label><mixed-citation>Ezrahi S., Aserin A., Garti N. Basic principles of drug delivery systems – the case of paclitaxel. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2019;263:95–130. DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2018.11.004</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B76"><label>76.</label><mixed-citation>Tuy H.D., Shiomi H., Mukaisho K.I. et al. ABCG2 expression in colorectal adenocarcinomas may predict resistance to irinotecan. Oncol Lett 2016;12(4):2752–60. DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4937</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B77"><label>77.</label><mixed-citation>Mooberry S.L., Weiderhold K.N., Dakshanamurthy S. et al. Identification and characterization of a new tubulin-binding tetrasubstituted brominated pyrrole. Mol Pharmacol 2007;72(1):132–40. DOI: 10.1124/mol.107.034876</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
