<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Advances in Molecular Oncology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Advances in Molecular Oncology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Успехи молекулярной онкологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2313-805X</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2413-3787</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Publishing House ABV Press</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">709</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17650/2313-805X-2024-11-3-68-78</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>RESEARCH ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Structural alterations of the EGFR gene in glioblastoma samples as a prognostic factor and molecular target for therapy</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Структурные изменения гена EGFR в образцах глиобластомы как фактор прогноза и молекулярная мишень для терапии</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3567-3761</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Varachev</surname><given-names>V. O. </given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Варачев</surname><given-names>В. О.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>32 Vavilova St., Moscow 119991</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>119991 Москва, ул. Вавилова, 32</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8192-7913</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Susova</surname><given-names>O. Yu.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сусова</surname><given-names>О. Ю.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>24 Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow 115522</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>115522 Москва, Каширское шоссе, 24</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4125-7342</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Mitrofanov</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Митрофанов</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>24 Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow 115522</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>115522 Москва, Каширское шоссе, 24</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6493-8378</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Krasnov</surname><given-names>G. S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Краснов</surname><given-names>Г. С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>32 Vavilova St., Moscow 119991</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>119991 Москва, ул. Вавилова, 32</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4218-9652</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Naskhletashvili</surname><given-names>D. R.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Насхлеташвили</surname><given-names>Д. Р.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>24 Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow 115522</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>115522 Москва, Каширское шоссе, 24</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0223-5738</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ammour</surname><given-names>Yu. I. </given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Аммур</surname><given-names>Ю. И.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>32 Vavilova St., Moscow 119991</p><p>5А Malyy Kazennyy Pereulok, Moscow 105064</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>119991 Москва, ул. Вавилова, 32</p><p>105064 Москва, Малый Казенный пер., 5А</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7336-9210</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bezhanova</surname><given-names>S. D.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бежанова</surname><given-names>С. Д.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>24 Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow 115522</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>115522 Москва, Каширское шоссе, 24</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5841-7480</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sevyan</surname><given-names>N. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Севян</surname><given-names>Н. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>24 Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow 115522</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>115522 Москва, Каширское шоссе, 24</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8880-1758</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Prozorenko</surname><given-names>E. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Прозоренко</surname><given-names>Е. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>24 Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow 115522</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>115522 Москва, Каширское шоссе, 24</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4160-9598</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bekyashev</surname><given-names>A. Kh.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бекяшев</surname><given-names>А. Х.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>24 Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow 115522</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>115522 Москва, Каширское шоссе, 24</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2642-4202</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Nasedkina</surname><given-names>T. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Наседкина</surname><given-names>Т. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Tatyana Vasilyevna Nasedkina</p><p>32 Vavilova St., Moscow 119991</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Татьяна Васильевна Наседкина</p><p>119991 Москва, ул. Вавилова, 32</p></bio><email>tanased06@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">V.A. Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУН «Институт молекулярной биологии им. В.А. Энгельгардта Российской академии наук»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Ministry of Health of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр онкологии им. Н.Н. Блохина» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">I.I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБНУ «Научно-исследовательский институт вакцин и сывороток им. И.И. Мечникова»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-09-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>09</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>11</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>68</fpage><lpage>78</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-10-11"><day>11</day><month>10</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2024-10-11"><day>11</day><month>10</month><year>2024</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Varachev V.O., Susova O.Y., Mitrofanov A.A., Krasnov G.S., Naskhletashvili D.R., Ammour Y.I., Bezhanova S.D., Sevyan N.V., Prozorenko E.V., Bekyashev A.K., Nasedkina T.V.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Варачев В.О., Сусова О.Ю., Митрофанов А.А., Краснов Г.С., Насхлеташвили Д.Р., Аммур Ю.И., Бежанова С.Д., Севян Н.В., Прозоренко Е.В., Бекяшев А.Х., Наседкина Т.В.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Varachev V.O., Susova O.Y., Mitrofanov A.A., Krasnov G.S., Naskhletashvili D.R., Ammour Y.I., Bezhanova S.D., Sevyan N.V., Prozorenko E.V., Bekyashev A.K., Nasedkina T.V.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Варачев В.О., Сусова О.Ю., Митрофанов А.А., Краснов Г.С., Насхлеташвили Д.Р., Аммур Ю.И., Бежанова С.Д., Севян Н.В., Прозоренко Е.В., Бекяшев А.Х., Наседкина Т.В.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://umo.abvpress.ru/jour/article/view/709">https://umo.abvpress.ru/jour/article/view/709</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Introduction</bold>. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a transmembrane protein of the receptor tyrosine kinase family that is activated in various cancers (non-small cell lung cancer, colorectal cancer, head and neck tumors). In glial brain tumors, increased EGFR expression levels are characteristic of the most aggressive subtype, glioblastoma. Frequent structural changes of EGFR in glioblastoma are amplification of the chromosome region where the EGFR gene is located, point mutations, as well as deletion of exons 2–7 of the EGFR gene leading to the formation of EGFRvIII transcript.<bold>Aim</bold>. To determine structural changes of the EGFR gene (point mutations and amplification of the EGFR gene, EGFRvIII transcript) in tumor samples using different methods and to evaluate their potential clinical significance.<bold>Materials and methods</bold>. The study included 75 patients with brain gliomas (70 of them glioblastoma) aged 34 to 78 years (mean age 56 years). DNA and RNA isolation was performed from fresh frozen tumor tissue, as well as from peripheral blood leukocytes. EGFR gene mutations were determined by next-generation sequencing (NGS), and β allele frequency (BAF) comparative analysis (normal-tumor) was performed to determine the copy number of chromosome 7 regions. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to confirm the EGFR gene amplification in tumor samples, and reverse transcription-PCR was used to detect EGFRvIII variant.<bold>Results</bold>. The NGS method revealed 11/70 (16 %) mutations in coding regions of EGFR gene in glioblastoma samples, the EGFR gene amplification was detected in 26/70 (37 %) cases; no structural changes of the EGFR gene were detected in 5 glioma samples (astrocytoma, oligodendroglioma). All cases of EGFR gene amplification detected by NGS were confirmed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. To search for EGFRvIII transcript, 31 tumor RNA samples were examined, of which EGFR amplification was present in 12 samples. EGFRvIII transcript was detected only in samples with EGFR gene amplification – 4/12 (33 %). To assess the clinical significance of structural gene alterations, the frequency of occurrence in primary and recurrent glioblastoma samples was compared.<bold>Conclusion</bold>. The NGS method allows to detect both point mutations and amplification of the EGFR gene. The EGFR gene amplification was associated with EGFRvIII mutation in 33 % of cases. No statistically significant differences in the frequency of structural changes in the EGFR gene between primary and relapsed glioblastomas were found.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Введение</bold>. Рецептор эпидермального фактора роста (EGFR) – трансмембранный белок семейства рецепторных тирозинкиназ, который активируется при различных видах рака (немелкоклеточном раке легкого, колоректальном раке, злокачественных опухолях головы и шеи). В глиальных опухолях головного мозга повышенный уровень экспрессии EGFR характерен для наиболее агрессивного подтипа злокачественных новообразований – глиобластомы. Частми структурными изменениями EGFR при данной патологии являются амплификация участка хромосомы, в котором расположен ген EGFR, точечные мутации, а также делеция 2–7-го экзонов гена EGFR, приводящая к образованию транскрипта EGFRvIII.<bold>Цель исследования</bold> – определение структурных изменений гена EGFR (точечные мутации и амплификация гена EGFR, транскрипт EGFRvIII) в образцах опухоли с помощью различных методов и оценка их потенциальной клинической значимости.<bold>Материалы и методы</bold>. В исследование включены 75 пациентов с глиомами головного мозга (из них 70 с глиобластомами) в возрасте от 34 до 78 лет (средний возраст 56 лет). Выделение ДНК и РНК проводили из свежезамороженной ткани опухоли, а также из лейкоцитов периферической крови. Мутации в гене EGFR выявляли методом секвенирования нового поколения (next generation sequencing, NGS), для определения копийности участков 7-й хромосомы проводили сравнительный анализ (норма – опухоль) частот β-аллелей (β allele frequency, BAF). Для подтверждения амплификации гена EGFR в образцах опухоли использовали полимеразную цепную реакцию в реальном времени, для обнаружения варианта EGFRvIII – полимеразную цепную реакцию с обратной транскрипцией.<bold>Результаты</bold>. Методом NGS в образцах глиобластомы выявлены 11 (16 %) мутаций в кодирующих участках гена EGFR, амплификация гена EGFR обнаружена в 26 (37 %) случаях; в 5 образцах глиом (астроцитома, олигодендроглиома) структурные изменения гена EGFR не определены. Все случаи амплификации гена EGFR, выявленные с помощью NGS, подтверждены методом полимеразной цепной реакции в реальном времени. Для поиска транскрипта EGFRvIII исследован 31 образец РНК опухоли, в 12 из которых присутствовала амплификация EGFR. Транскрипт EGFRvIII выявлен только в образцах с амплификацией гена EGFR (в 4 (33 %) из 12 случаев). Для оценки клинической значимости структурных изменений гена сравнивали частоту их встречаемости в образцах первичной и рецидивной глиобластом.<bold>Заключение</bold>. Метод NGS позволяет выявлять как точечные мутации, так и амплификацию гена EGFR. Амплификация данного гена в 33 % случаев ассоциирована с мутацией EGFRvIII. Не выявлено статистически значимых различий в частоте структурных изменений гена EGFR между первичными и рецидивными глиобластомами.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>EGFR gene</kwd><kwd>EGFR gene amplification</kwd><kwd>mutation</kwd><kwd>EGFRvIII transcript</kwd><kwd>glioblastoma</kwd><kwd>next-generation sequencing</kwd><kwd>recurrent tumor</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>ген EGFR</kwd><kwd>амплификация гена EGFR</kwd><kwd>мутация</kwd><kwd>транскрипт EGFRvIII</kwd><kwd>глиобластома</kwd><kwd>секвенирование нового поколения</kwd><kwd>рецидив</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study was carried out with the financial support of the Russian Science Foundation (grant No. 22-15-00304).</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено при финансовой поддержке Российского научного фонда (грант № 22-15-00304).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Herbst R.S. Review of epidermal growth factor receptor biology. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2004;59(2):21–6. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2003.11.041</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Hynes N.E., Lane H.A. ERBB receptors and cancer: the complexity of targeted inhibitors. Nat Rev Cancer 2005;5(5):341–54. DOI: 10.1038/nrc1609</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Jones S., Rappoport J.Z. Interdependent epidermal growth factor receptor signalling and trafficking. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2014;51:23–8. DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.03.014</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Sigismund S., Avanzato D., Lanzetti L. Emerging functions of the EGFR in cancer. Mol Oncol 2018;12(1):3–20. DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12155</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Dreux A.C., Lamb D.J., Modjtahedi H., Ferns G.A. The epidermal growth factor receptors and their family of ligands: their putative role in atherogenesis. Atherosclerosis 2006;186(1):38–53. DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2005.06.038</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Saadeh F.S., Mahfouz R., Assi H.I. EGFR as a clinical marker in glioblastomas and other gliomas. Int J Biol Markers 2018;33(1): 22–32. DOI: 10.5301/ijbm.5000301</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Brennan C.W., Verhaak R.G., McKenna A. et al. TCGA Research Network. The somatic genomic landscape of glioblastoma. Cell 2013;155(2):462–77. DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2013.09.034</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>HigaN., AkahaneT., Hamada T. et al Distribution and favorable prognostic implication of genomic EGFR alterations in IDH-wildtype glioblastoma. Cancer Med 2023;12(1):49–60. DOI: 10.1002/cam4.4939</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Louis D.N., Perry A., Wesseling P. et al. The 2021 WHO classification of tumors of the central nervous system: a summary. Neuro Oncol 2021;23(8):1231–51. DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noab106</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Gan H.K., Cvrljevic A.N., Johns T.G. The epidermal growth factor receptor variant III (EGFRvIII): where wild things are altered. FEBS J 2013;280(21):5350–70. DOI: 10.1111/febs.12393</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Eskilsson E., Rosland G.V., Talasila K.M. et al. EGFRvIII mutations can emerge as late and heterogenous events in glioblastoma development and promote angiogenesis through Src activation. Neuro Oncol 2016;18(12):55. DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/now113</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Alnahhas I., Rayi A., Guillermo Prieto Eibl M.D.P. et al. Prognostic implications of epidermal and platelet-derived growth factor receptor alterations in 2 cohorts of IDH wt glioblastoma. Neurooncol Adv 2021;3(1):vdab127. DOI: 10.1093/noajnl/vdab127</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Li J., Liang R., Song C. et al. Prognostic significance of epidermal growth factor receptor expression in glioma patients. Onco Targets Ther 2018;2018(11):731–42. DOI: 10.2147/OTT.S155160</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Hovinga K.E., McCrea H.J., Brennan C. et al. EGFR amplification and classical subtype are associated with a poor response to bevacizumab in recurrent glioblastoma. J Neurooncol 2019;142(2):337–45. DOI: 10.1007/s11060-019-03102-5</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Le Rhun E., Preusser M., Roth P. et al. Molecular targeted therapy of glioblastoma. Cancer Treat Rev 2019;80:101896. DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2019.101896</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Vivanco I., Robins H.I., Rohle D. et al. Differential sensitivity of glioma- versus lung cancer-specific EGFR mutations to EGFR kinase inhibitors. Cancer Discov 2012;2(5):458–71. DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.CD-11-0284</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Desai R., Suryadevara C.M., Batich K.A. et al. Emerging immunotherapies for glioblastoma. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2016;21(2):133–45. DOI: 10.1080/14728214.2016.1186643</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Weller M., Butowski N., Tran D.D. et al. Rindopepimut with temozolomide for patients with newly diagnosed, EGFRvIII expressing glioblastoma (ACT IV): a randomised, double-blind, international phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol 2017;18(10):1373–85. DOI: 10.1016/S1470-2045(17)30517-X</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Felsberg J., Hentschel B., Kaulich K. et al. German Glioma Network. Epidermal growth factor receptor variant III (EGFRvIII) positivity in EGFR-amplified glioblastomas: prognostic role and comparison between primary and recurrent tumors. Clin Cancer Res 2017;23(22):6846–55. DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-17-0890</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Krasnov G.S., Ghukasyan L.G., Abramov I.S., Nasedkina T.V. Determination of the subclonal tumor structure in childhood acute myeloid leukemia and acral melanoma by next-generation sequencing. Molekulyarnaya biologiya = Molecular Biology 2021;55(5):829–45. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.31857/S0026898421050050</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Краснов Г.С., Гукасян Л.Г., Абрамов И.С., Наседкина Т.В. Определение субклональной структуры опухоли по данным высокопроизводительного секвенирования на примере острого миелоидного лейкоза у детей и акральной меланомы. Молекулярная биология 2021;55(5):829–45. DOI: 10.31857/S0026898421050050</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Chang M.T., Asthana S., Gao S.P. et al. Identifying recurrent mutations in cancer reveals widespread lineage diversity and mutational specificity. Nat Biotechnol 2016;34(2):155–63. DOI: 10.1038/nbt.3391</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Naidoo J., Sima C.S., Rodriguez K. et al. Epidermal growth factor receptor exon 20 insertions in advanced lung adenocarcinomas: clinical outcomes and response to erlotinib. Cancer 2015;121(18):3212–20. DOI: 10.1002/cncr.29493</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">The cBio Cancer Genomics Portal. https://www.cbioportal.org/.24. Zacher A., Kaulich K., Stepanow S. et al. Molecular diagnostics of gliomas using next generation sequencing of a glioma-tailored gene panel. Brain Pathol 2017;27(2):146–59. DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12367</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">The cBio Cancer Genomics Portal. https://www.cbioportal.org/.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Blobner J., Dengler L., Blobner S. et al. Significance of molecular diagnostics for therapeutic decision-making in recurrent glioma. Neurooncol Adv 2023;5(1):vdad060. DOI: 10.1093/noajnl/vdad060</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zacher A., Kaulich K., Stepanow S. et al. Molecular diagnostics of gliomas using next generation sequencing of a glioma-tailored gene panel. Brain Pathol 2017;27(2):146–59. DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12367</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rutkowska A., Strózik T., Jędrychowska-Dańska K. et al. Immunohistochemical detection of EGFRvIII in glioblastoma – anti-EGFRvIII antibody validation for diagnostic and CAR-T purposes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023;685:149133. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.149133</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Blobner J., Dengler L., Blobner S. et al. Significance of molecular diagnostics for therapeutic decision-making in recurrent glioma. Neurooncol Adv 2023;5(1):vdad060. DOI: 10.1093/noajnl/vdad060</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Padovan M., Maccari M., Bosio A. et al. Actionable molecular alterations in newly diagnosed and recurrent IDH1/2 wild-type glioblastoma patients and therapeutic implications: a large mono-institutional experience using extensive next-generation sequencing analysis. Eur J Cancer 2023;191:112959. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2023.112959</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rutkowska A., Strózik T., Jędrychowska-Dańska K. et al. Immunohistochemical detection of EGFRvIII in glioblastoma – anti-EGFRvIII antibody validation for diagnostic and CAR-T purposes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023;685:149133. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.149133</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Li J., Liang R., Song C. et al. Prognostic significance of epidermal growth factor receptor expression in glioma patients. Onco Targets Ther 2018;11:731–42. DOI: 10.2147/OTT.S155160</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Padovan M., Maccari M., Bosio A. et al. Actionable molecular alterations in newly diagnosed and recurrent IDH1/2 wild-type glioblastoma patients and therapeutic implications: a large mono-institutional experience using extensive next-generation sequencing analysis. Eur J Cancer 2023;191:112959. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2023.112959</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yang K., Ren X., Tao L. et al. Prognostic implications of epidermal growth factor receptor variant III expression and nuclear translocation in Chinese human gliomas. Chin J Cancer Res 2019;31(1):188–202. DOI: 10.21147/j.issn.1000-9604.2019.01.14</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Li J., Liang R., Song C. et al. Prognostic significance of epidermal growth factor receptor expression in glioma patients. Onco Targets Ther 2018;11:731–42. DOI: 10.2147/OTT.S155160</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Begagić E., Pugonja R., Bečulić H. et al. Molecular targeted therapies in glioblastoma multiforme: a systematic overview of global trends and findings. Brain Sci 2023;13(11):1602. DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13111602</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yang K., Ren X., Tao L. et al. Prognostic implications of epidermal growth factor receptor variant III expression and nuclear translocation in Chinese human gliomas. Chin J Cancer Res 2019;31(1):188–202. DOI: 10.21147/j.issn.1000-9604.2019.01.14</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">An Z., Aksoy O., Zheng T. et al. Epidermal growth factor receptor and EGFRvIII in glioblastoma: signaling pathways and targeted therapies. Oncogene 2018;37(12):1561–75. DOI: 10.1038/s41388-017-0045-7</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Begagić E., Pugonja R., Bečulić H. et al. Molecular targeted therapies in glioblastoma multiforme: a systematic overview of global trends and findings. Brain Sci 2023;13(11):1602. DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13111602</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hegi M.E., Diserens A.C., Bady P. et al. Pathway analysis of glioblastoma tissue after preoperative treatment with the EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor gefitinib – a phase II trial. Mol Cancer Ther 2011;10(6):1102–12. DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-11-0048</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">An Z., Aksoy O., Zheng T. et al. Epidermal growth factor receptor and EGFRvIII in glioblastoma: signaling pathways and targeted therapies. Oncogene 2018;37(12):1561–75. DOI: 10.1038/s41388-017-0045-7</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hu C., Leche C.A., Kiyatkin A. et al. Glioblastoma mutations alter EGFR dimer structure to prevent ligand bias. Nature 2022;602(7897):518–22. DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-04393-3</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hegi M.E., Diserens A.C., Bady P. et al. Pathway analysis of glioblastoma tissue after preoperative treatment with the EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor gefitinib – a phase II trial. Mol Cancer Ther 2011;10(6):1102–12. DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-11-0048</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nathanson D.A., Gini B., Mottahedeh J. et al. Targeted therapy resistance mediated by dynamic regulation of extrachromosomal mutant EGFR DNA. Science 2014;343(6166):72–6. DOI: 10.1126/science.1241328</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hu C., Leche C.A., Kiyatkin A. et al. Glioblastoma mutations alter EGFR dimer structure to prevent ligand bias. Nature 2022;602(7897):518–22. DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-04393-3</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>Nathanson D.A., Gini B., Mottahedeh J. et al. Targeted therapy resistance mediated by dynamic regulation of extrachromosomal mutant EGFR DNA. Science 2014;343(6166):72–6. DOI: 10.1126/science.1241328</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
