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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Advances in Molecular Oncology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Advances in Molecular Oncology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Успехи молекулярной онкологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2313-805X</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2413-3787</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Publishing House ABV Press</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">712</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17650/2313-805X-2024-11-3-103-113</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>RESEARCH ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Mechanisms of drug resistance to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Механизмы лекарственной устойчивости к неоадъювантной химиотерапии при раке молочной железы</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3911-1245</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Aliev</surname><given-names>K. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Алиев</surname><given-names>К. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>5/7 Lenina Bul’var, Simferopol 295006</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>295051 Симферополь, б-р Ленина, 5/7</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8216-4196</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zyablitskaya</surname><given-names>E. Yu.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зяблицкая</surname><given-names>Е. Ю.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Evgenia Yur’evna Zyablitskaya</p><p>5/7 Lenina Bul’var, Simferopol 295006</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Евгения Юрьевна Зяблицкая</p><p>295051 Симферополь, б-р Ленина, 5/7</p></bio><email>evgu79@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1884-2620</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Makalish</surname><given-names>T. P.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Макалиш</surname><given-names>Т. П.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>5/7 Lenina Bul’var, Simferopol 295006</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>295051 Симферополь, б-р Ленина, 5/7</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1862-6816</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sorokina</surname><given-names>L. E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сорокина</surname><given-names>Л. Е.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>5/7 Lenina Bul’var, Simferopol 295006</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>295051 Симферополь, б-р Ленина, 5/7</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0409-3297</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Asanova</surname><given-names>E. R.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Асанова</surname><given-names>Э. Р.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>5/7 Lenina Bul’var, Simferopol 295006</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>295051 Симферополь, б-р Ленина, 5/7</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Order of the Red Banner of Labor of the Medical Institute named after S.I. Georgievsky, V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Ордена Трудового Красного Знамени Медицинский институт им. С.И. Георгиевского ФГАОУ ВО «Крымский федеральный университет им. В.И. Вернадского»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-09-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>09</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>11</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>103</fpage><lpage>113</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-10-11"><day>11</day><month>10</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2024-10-11"><day>11</day><month>10</month><year>2024</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Aliev K.A., Zyablitskaya E.Y., Makalish T.P., Sorokina L.E., Asanova E.R.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Алиев К.А., Зяблицкая Е.Ю., Макалиш Т.П., Сорокина Л.Е., Асанова Э.Р.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Aliev K.A., Zyablitskaya E.Y., Makalish T.P., Sorokina L.E., Asanova E.R.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Алиев К.А., Зяблицкая Е.Ю., Макалиш Т.П., Сорокина Л.Е., Асанова Э.Р.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://umo.abvpress.ru/jour/article/view/712">https://umo.abvpress.ru/jour/article/view/712</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Aim</bold>. Тo study the molecular genetic characteristics of the tumor microenvironment and the mechanisms of cell death in resistant locally advanced breast cancer.<bold>Materials and methods</bold>. The study included 48 patients with breast cancer T2–4N0–3M0–1 (mean age 55.6 ± 9.8 years), and 29 patients of comparable age with breast fibroadenoma. According to the design of the study, patients were divided into groups: Group 1 included women with breast cancer resistant to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (n = 23), Group 2 – with breast cancer and a complete response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (n = 25), control Group – with fibroadenoma (n = 29). The expression of markers CD4+, CD8+, CD20+, CD68+, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF A), Ang-2, matrix metalloproteinase 12 (MMP-12), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), bcl-2, p53, CD95 was assessed using immunohistochemistry.<bold>Results</bold>. When phenotyping immune cells, the following differences were obtained: in the tumor tissue of patients in Group 1, a significant decrease in the number of cytotoxic CD8+ cells was noted compared to Group 2 (p = 0.001) and control (p = 0.032). In Group 2, a significant increase in the number of CD68+ cells was revealed in relation to Group 1 (p = 0.027). The cytokine profile of the tumor microenvironment in Group 1 is characterized by statistically significant overexpression of TNF-α compared to Group 2 (p &gt;0.001) and the control Group (p = 0.01). With regard to apoptotic factors, noteworthy is the significant decrease in the expression of bcl-2 and p53 in Group 1 compared to Group 2 (p = 0.001 and p = 0.02 accordingly).<bold>Conclusion</bold>. The presented results can serve as the basis for the creation of diagnostic algorithms that have predictive value regarding the effectiveness of NCT, and also to help identify new targets to justify the use of combined breast cancer treatments in the early stage.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Введение</bold>. Динамические взаимоотношения между опухолевыми клетками и их микроокружением имеют решающее значение в развитии, прогрессировании злокачественного процесса и формировании лекарственной резистентности.<bold>Цель исследования</bold> – изучить молекулярно-генетические характеристики опухолевого микроокружения и механизмы клеточной гибели при резистентном местно-распространенном раке молочной железы (РМЖ).<bold>Материалы и методы</bold>. В исследование включены 48 пациенток с РМЖ T2–4N0–3M0–1 (средний возраст 55,6 ± 9,8 года) и 29 пациенток сопоставимого возраста с фиброаденомой молочной железы. Согласно дизайну работы больные разделены на группы: в 1-ю группу вошли женщины с РМЖ, резистентным к неоадъювантной химиотерапии (n = 23), во 2-ю – с РМЖ и полным ответом на неоадъювантную химиотерапию (n = 25), в контрольную – с фиброаденомой (n = 29). Экспрессию CD4+, CD8+, CD20+, CD68+, фактора некроза опухоли α (TNF-α), фактора роста эндотелия сосудов А (VEGF A), Ang-2, матриксной металлопротеиназы 12 (ММР-12), индуцибельной синтазы оксида азота (iNOS), bcl-2, p53 и CD95 оценивали с помощью иммуногистохимического метода.<bold>Результаты</bold>. При фенотипировании иммунных клеток выявлены следующие различия: в ткани опухоли пациенток 1-й группы отмечено значимое снижение числа цитотоксических CD8+-клеток по сравнению с тканью опухоли пациенток 2-й (р = 0,001) и контрольной (р = 0,032) групп, во 2-й группе –значимое увеличение числа CD68+-клеток по сравнению с 1-й группой (р = 0,027). Цитокиновый профиль опухолевого микроокружения в 1-й группе характеризовался статистически значимой гиперэкспрессией TNF-α по сравнению со 2-й (р &gt;0,001) и контрольной (р = 0,01) группами. В отношении апоптотических факторов отмечено значимое снижение экспрессии bcl-2 и р53 в 1-й группе по сравнению со 2-й группой (р = 0,001 и р = 0,02 соответственно).<bold>Заключение</bold>. Представленные результаты могут послужить основой для создания диагностических алгоритмов, обладающих высокой предсказательной значимостью в отношении эффективности неоадъювантной химиотерапии, а также помочь в идентификации новых мишеней для обоснования применения комбинированных методов лечения РМЖ на ранних этапах.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>breast cancer</kwd><kwd>non-adjuvant chemotherapy</kwd><kwd>drug resistance</kwd><kwd>tumor microenvironment</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>рак молочной железы</kwd><kwd>неоадъювантная химиотерапия</kwd><kwd>лекарственная устойчивость</kwd><kwd>микроокружение опухоли</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study was financially supported by the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia (State Assignment No FZEG-2023-0009 “Study of the heterogeneity of the tumor microenvironment as a factor in its aggressiveness and resistance to therapy”).</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена при финансовой поддержке Минобрнауки России (государственное задание № FZEG-2023-0009 «Изучение гетерогенности микроокружения опухоли как фактора ее агрессивности и резистентности к терапии»).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Malignant tumors in Russia in 2019 (morbidity and mortality). 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