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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Advances in Molecular Oncology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Advances in Molecular Oncology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Успехи молекулярной онкологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2313-805X</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2413-3787</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Publishing House ABV Press</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">784</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17650/2313-805X-2025-12-2-47-57</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEW ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Cytotoxicity mechanisms of passive anti-GD2 immunotherapy in pediatric tumors</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Механизмы цитотоксичности пассивной анти-GD2-иммунотерапии при опухолях детского возраста</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4744-0882</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Melnikov</surname><given-names>M. E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мельников</surname><given-names>М. Е.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Maksim Evgenievich Melnikov</p><p>2, Litovskaya St., Saint Petersburg 194100</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Максим Евгеньевич Мельников</p><p>194100 Санкт-Петербург, ул. Литовская, 2</p></bio><email>melmakse@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0390-8498</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kulyova</surname><given-names>S. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кулева</surname><given-names>С. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>2, Litovskaya St., Saint Petersburg 194100</p><p>68 Leningradskaya St., Pesochny Settlement, Saint Petersburg 197758</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>194100 Санкт-Петербург, ул. Литовская, 2</p><p>197758 Санкт-Петербург, п. Песочный, ул. Ленинградская, 68</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1462-6907</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kondratiev</surname><given-names>G. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кондратьев</surname><given-names>Г. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>2, Litovskaya St., Saint Petersburg 194100</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>194100 Санкт-Петербург, ул. Литовская, 2</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0000-1190-7220</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Vasilyeva</surname><given-names>M. M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Васильева</surname><given-names>М. М.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>2, Litovskaya St., Saint Petersburg 194100</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>194100 Санкт-Петербург, ул. Литовская, 2</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0301-8455</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Savelieva</surname><given-names>O. E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Савельева</surname><given-names>О. Е.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>2, Litovskaya St., Saint Petersburg 194100</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>194100 Санкт-Петербург, ул. Литовская, 2</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Saint Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВО «Санкт-Петербургский государственный педиатрический медицинский университет» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">N.N. Petrov National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Ministry of Health of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр онкологии им. Н.Н. Петрова» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-05-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>05</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>12</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>47</fpage><lpage>57</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-06-27"><day>27</day><month>06</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-06-27"><day>27</day><month>06</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Melnikov M.E., Kulyova S.A., Kondratiev G.V., Vasilyeva M.M., Savelieva O.E.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Мельников М.Е., Кулева С.А., Кондратьев Г.В., Васильева М.М., Савельева О.Е.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Melnikov M.E., Kulyova S.A., Kondratiev G.V., Vasilyeva M.M., Savelieva O.E.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Мельников М.Е., Кулева С.А., Кондратьев Г.В., Васильева М.М., Савельева О.Е.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://umo.abvpress.ru/jour/article/view/784">https://umo.abvpress.ru/jour/article/view/784</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Cells of neuroblastoma, soft tissue sarcomas, osteosarcoma, Ewing’s sarcoma and some other tumors in children and adults are able to express disialogangliside GD2. The introduction of anti-GD2 monoclonal antibodies into neuroblastoma treatment protocols has improved outcomes. Studies of the effectiveness of using anti-GD2 monoclonal antibodies in other tumors are also underway.</p><p>In this review, we describe the main cellular and molecular processes occurring during passive anti-GD2 immunotherapy in pediatric tumors, as well as the factors that can affect them. We concluded that the leading role belongs to antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity realized by natural killers via the classical mechanism with the induction of caspase-dependent apoptosis, as well as macrophages, neutrophils through phagocytosis, trogocytosis and direct cytotoxicity. Efficient phagocytosis is promoted by expression of calreticulin by tumor cells and LRP1 receptor by phagocytes, while expression of CD47 by tumor cells and its interaction with SIRPα on phagocytes contribute to evasion of phagocytosis. In parallel, activation of T-cell adaptive immune response occurs. The use of granulocyte and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factors can enhance cytotoxicity. Addition of exogenous interleukin 2 does not improve the effectiveness of treatment, and the use of interleukins 15 and 21 enhances cytotoxicity in vitro, which requires clinical trials. Complement-dependent cytotoxicity probably does not affect the therapeutic efficacy of passive anti-GD2 immunotherapy. Tumor microenvironment and molecular features of immunocompetent cells can affect anti-GD2-mediated cytotoxicity, especially when used in combination with programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) inhibitors, thus, further study of this issue is especially relevant. Anti-GD2 monoclonal antibodies directly reduce the proliferative activity and induce apoptosis of tumor cells by inhibiting signaling pathways (mainly PI3K/Akt/mTOR), transcription factors, focal adhesion complexes, and integrins. Mechanisms for inducing mitochondria-dependent cell death, which has signs of apoptosis and necrosis, are also probable.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Клетки нейробластомы, сарком мягких тканей, остеосаркомы, саркомы Юинга и некоторых других опухолей у детей и взрослых способны экспрессировать дисиалоганглизид GD2. Включение в протоколы терапии нейробластомы анти-GD2-моноклональных антител позволило улучшить результаты лечения. проводятся исследования эффективности использования этих моноклональных антител и при других опухолях.</p><p>В данном обзоре описаны основные клеточные и молекулярные процессы, происходящие при пассивной анти-GD2 иммунотерапии при опухолях детского возраста, а также факторы, способные повлиять на них. Мы пришли к выводу, что ведущую роль в развитии цитотоксичности играет антителозависимая клеточная цитотоксичность, реализуемая естественными киллерами по классическому механизму с индукцией каспазазависимого апоптоза, а также макрофагами и нейтрофилами посредством фагоцитоза, трогоцитоза и прямой цитотоксичности. Эффективному фагоцитозу способствует экспрессия кальретикулина опухолевыми клетками и рецептора LRP1 фагоцитами, а уклонению от фагоцитоза – экспрессия опухолевыми клетками CD47 и его взаимодействие с SIRPα на фагоцитах. параллельно происходит активация Т-клеточного адаптивного иммунного ответа. использование гранулоцитарного и гранулоцитарно-макрофагального колониестимулирующих факторов может усиливать цитотоксичность. Добавление экзогенного интерлейкина 2 не повышает эффективность лечения, а применение интерлейкинов 15 и 21 усиливает цитотоксичность in vitro, что требует проведения клинических исследований. комплементзависимая цитотоксичность, вероятно, не оказывает влияния на терапевтическую эффективность пассивной анти-GD2-иммунотерапии. Опухолевое микроокружение и молекулярные особенности иммунокомпетентных клеток могут влиять на анти-GD2 опосредованную цитотоксичность, особенно при совместном использовании анти-GD2 моноклональных антител и ингибиторов рецептора программируемой клеточной гибели 1 (PD-1). Таким образом, дальнейшее изучение данного вопроса особенно актуально. Анти-GD2-моноклональные антитела могут снижать пролиферативную активность и индуцировать апоптоз опухолевых клеток путем ингибирования сигнальных путей (главным образом PI3K/Akt/mTOR), транскрипционных факторов, комплексов фокальной адгезии и интегринов. Вероятны и механизмы индукции митохондриальнозависимой клеточной гибели, имеющей признаки апоптоза и некроза.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>GD2</kwd><kwd>monoclonal antibody</kwd><kwd>pediatric tumor</kwd><kwd>immunotherapy</kwd><kwd>cytotoxicity</kwd><kwd>apoptosis</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>GD2</kwd><kwd>моноклональное антитело</kwd><kwd>опухоль детского возраста</kwd><kwd>иммунотерапия</kwd><kwd>цитотоксичность</kwd><kwd>апоптоз</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Machy P., Mortier E., Birklé S. Biology of GD2 ganglioside: implications for cancer immunotherapy. Front Pharmacol 2023;14:1249929. DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1249929</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Philippova J., Shevchenko J., Sennikov S. GD2-targeting therapy: a comparative analysis of approaches and promising directions. Front Immunol 2024;15:1371345. 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