<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Advances in Molecular Oncology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Advances in Molecular Oncology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Успехи молекулярной онкологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2313-805X</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2413-3787</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Publishing House ABV Press</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">786</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17650/2313-805X-2025-12-2-68-76</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>RESEARCH ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">MelCher5k/<italic>BRAF</italic><sup>+</sup> subcutaneous human melanoma xenograft with CD20 expression</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Подкожный ксенографт меланомы человека MelCher5k/<italic>BRAF</italic><sup>+</sup> с экспрессией CD20</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7659-6045</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Mikhaylova</surname><given-names>I. N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Михайлова</surname><given-names>И. Н.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Irina Nikolaevna Mikhailova</p><p>24 Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow 115522</p><p>1 Partizana Zheleznyaka St., Krasnoyarsk 660022</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ирина Николаевна Михайлова</p><p>115522 Москва, Каширское шоссе, 24660022 Красноярск, ул. Партизана Железняка, 1</p></bio><email>irmikhaylova@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3878-3958</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Treshalina</surname><given-names>H. M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Трещалина</surname><given-names>Е. М.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>24 Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow 115522</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>115522 Москва, Каширское шоссе, 24</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2469-2315</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Karshieva</surname><given-names>S. Sh.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Каршиева</surname><given-names>С. Ш.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>24 Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow 115522</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>115522 Москва, Каширское шоссе, 24</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5694-3492</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Khochenkov</surname><given-names>D. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хоченков</surname><given-names>Д. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>24 Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow 115522</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>115522 Москва, Каширское шоссе, 24</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Andronova</surname><given-names>N. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Андронова</surname><given-names>Н. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>24 Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow 115522</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>115522 Москва, Каширское шоссе, 24</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9374-3158</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shubina</surname><given-names>I. Zh.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шубина</surname><given-names>И. Ж.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>24 Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow 115522</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>115522 Москва, Каширское шоссе, 24</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0132-167X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kiselevskiy</surname><given-names>M. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Киселевский</surname><given-names>М. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>24 Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow 115522</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>115522 Москва, Каширское шоссе, 24</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Ministry of Health of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр онкологии им. Н. Н. Блохина» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">V.F. Voyno-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВО «Красноярский государственный медицинский университет им. В. Ф. Войно-Ясенецкого» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-05-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>05</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>12</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>68</fpage><lpage>76</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-06-28"><day>28</day><month>06</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-06-28"><day>28</day><month>06</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Mikhaylova I.N., Treshalina H.M., Karshieva S.S., Khochenkov D.A., Andronova N.V., Shubina I.Z., Kiselevskiy M.V.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Михайлова И.Н., Трещалина Е.М., Каршиева С.Ш., Хоченков Д.А., Андронова Н.В., Шубина И.Ж., Киселевский М.В.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Mikhaylova I.N., Treshalina H.M., Karshieva S.S., Khochenkov D.A., Andronova N.V., Shubina I.Z., Kiselevskiy M.V.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Михайлова И.Н., Трещалина Е.М., Каршиева С.Ш., Хоченков Д.А., Андронова Н.В., Шубина И.Ж., Киселевский М.В.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://umo.abvpress.ru/jour/article/view/786">https://umo.abvpress.ru/jour/article/view/786</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Introduction.</bold> Metastatic melanoma of the skin (mMC) is characterized by an extremely unfavorable prognosis of survival. Significant remission of mMK is associated with the use of vemurafenib, which blocks the proliferation of cells with a mutation in the <italic>BRAF</italic> gene. However, after its cancellation, relapse develops rapidly, determining the need for continued treatment. The search for another therapeutic target in the primary mMC led to a small subpopulation of stem-like CD20 antigen-expressing cells. Pilot clinical trials of CD20-blocking rituxibam did not yield the desired result, which we interpreted as a lack of control of CD20 expression in recurrent cells, which is available only <italic>in vivo</italic> in an adequate human model of recurrent mMK / <italic>BRAF</italic><sup>+</sup> with high CD20 expression.</p><p><bold>Aim. </bold>To create an <italic>in vivo </italic>model of recurrent human mMC / <italic>BRAF</italic><sup>+</sup> with control of the representation of a subpopulation of cells with CD20 expression.</p><p><bold>Materials and methods.</bold> Vemurafenib (Roche, Switzerland), human melanoma cell culture MelCher5k / <italic>BRAF</italic><sup>+</sup>, male Balb / c nude immunodeficient mice weighing 20–23 g breeding and maintenance at the N. N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology were used. Mice with a transplanted tumor (<italic>n</italic> = 12) were divided into 2 groups: without the drug (control) and with the drug (vemurafenib). A comparative assessment of the growth dynamics of tumor nodes in the groups was carried out according to the volume ratio using the standard T / C (treatment / control) criterion, expressed as a percentage. The dynamics of the expression of S100, CD20, and CD45 markers was evaluated by flow cytofluorometry before the start of vemurafenib administration and at the end of follow-up.</p><p><bold>Results.</bold> According to the data obtained, in mice with MelCher5k / <italic>BRAF</italic><sup>+</sup> treated with vemurafenib from days 7 to 21, tumor reduction was observed from day 10 with complete remission by day 20. Relapses with the development of a tumor node at the implantation site (renewed growth of melanoma cells) occurred on day 28 (a week after drug withdrawal), and then the tumor progressed rapidly over the course of 34–41 days. In mice treated with vemurafenib, the proportion of CD20<sup>+</sup> cells in the new focus was 35 %, which was 1.82 times higher than the proportion of CD20<sup>+</sup> cells in the tumor of mice not treated with this drug (19 %). At the same time, the cells of the newly emerged tumor expressed the melanoma marker S100<sup>+</sup> and did not express CD45.</p><p><bold>Conclusion.</bold> Thus, <italic>in vivo</italic>, using the MelCher5k / <italic>BRAF</italic><sup>+</sup> model, it was shown that in a recurrent tumor node developing after the use of vemurafenib, the proportion of stem-like cells expressing CD20 significantly increases. These data suggest that it is advisable to use the model to evaluate the clinical prospects of CD20-targeted agents capable of prolonging remission after vemurafenib withdrawal in patients with recurrent melanoma.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Введение. </bold>Метастатическая меланома кожи (мМк) характеризуется крайне неблагоприятным прогнозом. Значимая ремиссия мМк связана с применением вемурафениба, блокирующего пролиферацию клеток с мутацией в гене<italic> BRAF</italic>. Однако после отмены этого препарата быстро развивается рецидив, вызывающий необходимость продолжения лечения. поиски другой терапевтической мишени в первичной мМк привели к малочисленной субпопуляции стволовоподобных клеток, экспрессирующих антиген CD20. пилотные клинические испытания ритуксибама, блокирующего CD20, не дали ожидаемых результатов. Мы расценили это как отсутствие контроля над экспрессией СD20 в рецидивных клетках, что доступно только <italic>in vivo</italic> в адекватной модели рецидивирующей<italic> </italic>мМк / <italic>BRAF</italic><italic><sup>+</sup></italic> человека с высокой экспрессией СD20.</p><p><bold>Цель исследования </bold>– создание модели<bold> </bold><italic>in vivo</italic><bold> </bold>рецидивирующей мМк /<bold> </bold><italic>BRAF</italic><italic><sup>+</sup></italic><bold> </bold>человека и оценка представленности субпопуляции клеток с экспрессией CD20.</p><p><bold>Материалы и методы. </bold>В исследовании<bold> </bold>использованы вемурафениб (Roche, Швейцария), культура клеток меланомы человека MelCher5k / <italic>BRAF</italic><sup>+</sup> и иммунодефицитные мыши-самцы Balb / c nude массой тела 20–23 г, разведенные и содержащиеся в Национальном медицинском исследовательском центре онкологии им. Н. Н. Блохина. Животных с трансплантированной опухолью (<italic>n</italic> = 12) распределяли по 2 группам: с применением вемурафениба (экспериментальная группа) и без него (группа контроля). Сравнительную оценку динамики роста опухолевых узлов в группах проводили по соотношению объемов с помощью стандартного критерия Т / С (treatment / control), выраженному в процентах. Динамику экспрессии маркеров S100, CD20 и CD45 определяли методом проточной цитофлуориметрии до начала введения вемурафениба и в конце наблюдения.</p><p><bold>Результаты.</bold> У мышей с MelCher5k / <italic>BRAF</italic><sup>+</sup>, получавших вемурафениб с 7-х по 21-е сутки, с 10-х суток наблюдалась редукция опухоли с полной ремиссией к 20-м суткам. Рецидивы с развитием опухолевого узла в месте имплантации (возобновленный рост клеток меланомы) возникали на 28-е сутки (через неделю после отмены препарата), а затем в течение 34–41-х суток опухоль быстро прогрессировала. У мышей, получавших вемурафениб, доля CD20<sup>+</sup>-клеток в новом очаге составила 35 %, что в 1,82 раза превысило долю CD20<sup>+</sup>-клеток в опухоли мышей, не получавших этот препарат (19 %). при этом клетки вновь возникшей опухоли экспрессировали маркер меланомы S100 и не экспрессировали СD45.</p><p><bold>Заключение.</bold> <italic>In vivo</italic> на модели MelCher5k / <italic>BRAF<sup>+</sup></italic> показано, что в рецидивном опухолевом узле, развивающемся после применения вемурафениба, значительно увеличивается доля стволовоподобных клеток, экспрессирующих CD20. Эти данные свидетельствуют о целесообразности использования разработанной модели для оценки клинической перспективности направленных на СD20 агентов, способных продлить ремиссию после отмены вемурафениба при рецидивирующей меланоме.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd><italic>BRAF</italic><sup>+</sup> human melanoma xenograft</kwd><kwd>vemurafenib</kwd><kwd>remission</kwd><kwd>CD20</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>ксенографт меланомы человека <italic>BRAF</italic><sup>+</sup></kwd><kwd>вемурафениб</kwd><kwd>ремиссия</kwd><kwd>CD20</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Marti J.L.G., Hyder T., Nasrazadani A. et al. The evolving landscape of HER2-directed breast cancer therapy. Curr Treat Options Oncol 2020;21(10):82. DOI: 10.1007/s11864-020-00780-6</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Tarantino P., Viale G., Press M.F. et al. ESMO expert consensus statements (ECS) on the definition, diagnosis, and management of HER2-low breast cancer. Ann Oncol 2023;34(8):645–59. DOI: 10.1016/j.annonc.2023.05.008</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Ferguson K.M. Structure-based view of epidermal growth factor receptor regulation. Annu Rev Biophys 2008;37:353–73. DOI: 10.1146/annurev.biophys.37.032807.125829</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Li X., Zhao L., Chen C. et al. Can EGFR be a therapeutic target in breast cancer? Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2022;1877(5):188789. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2022.188789</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Raghav K.P.S., Moasser M.M. Molecular pathways and mechanisms of HER2 in cancer therapy. Clin Cancer Res 2023;29(13):2351–61. DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-22-0283</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Lyu H., Han A., Polsdofer E. et al. Understanding the biology of HER3 receptor as a therapeutic target in human cancer. Acta Pharm Sin B 2018;8(4):503–10. DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2018.05.010</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Kilroy M.K., Park S., Feroz W. et al. HER3 alterations in сancer and potential clinical implications. Cancers (Basel) 2022;14(24):6174. DOI: 10.3390/cancers14246174</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Papa F., Grinda T., Rassy E. et al. Long road towards effective HER3 targeting in breast cancer. Cancer Treat Rev 2024;129:102786. DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2024.102786</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Uliano J., Corvaja C., Curigliano G., Tarantino P. Targeting HER3 for cancer treatment: a new horizon for old target. ESMO Open 2023;8(1):100790. DOI: 10.1016/j.esmoop.2023.100790</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Hoxhaj G., Manning B.D. The PI3K-AKT network at the interface of oncogenic signalling and cancer metabolism. Nat Rev Cancer 2020;20(2):74–88. DOI: 10.1038/s41568-019-0216-7</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Mishra R., Alanazi S., Yuan L. et al. Activating HER3 mutations in breast cancer. Oncotarget 2018;9(45):27773–88. DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25576</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Murugan A.K., Grieco M., Tsuchida N. RAS mutations in human cancers: roles in precision medicine. Semin Cancer Biol 2019;59:23–35. DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.06.007</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Murugan A.K., Grieco M., Tsuchida N. RAS mutations in human cancers: roles in precision medicine. Semin Cancer Biol 2019;59:23–35. DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.06.007</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Kamian S., Ashoori H., Vahidian F., Davoudi S. The relevance of common K-RAS gene mutations and K-RAS mRNA expression with clinicopathological findings and survival in breast cancer. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2023;24(3):909–14. DOI: 10.31557/APJCP.2023.24.3.909</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Banys-Paluchowski M., Milde-Langosch K., Fehm T. et al. Clinical relevance of H-RAS, K-RAS, and N-RAS mRNA expression in primary breast cancer patients. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2020;179(2):403–14. DOI: 10.1007/s10549-019-05474-8</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Hossain M.A. Targeting the RAS upstream and downstream signaling pathway for cancer treatment. Eur J Pharmacol 2024;979:176727. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176727</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Wang L., Lu Q., Jiang K. et al. BRAF V600E mutation in triple negative breast cancer: a case report and literature review. Oncol Res Treat 2022;45(1–2):54–61. DOI: 10.1159/000520453</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Khojasteh Poor F., Keivan M., Ramazii M. et al. Mini review: the FDA-approved prescription drugs that target the MAPK signaling pathway in women with breast cancer. Breast Dis 2021;40(2):51–62. DOI: 10.3233/BD-201063</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Miricescu D., Totan A., Stanescu-Spinu I.I. et al. PI3K/AKT/ mTOR signaling pathway in breast cancer: from molecular landscape to clinical aspects. Int J Mol Sci 2020;22(1):173. DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010173</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Hinz N., Jücker M. Distinct functions of AKT isoforms in breast cancer: a comprehensive review. Cell Commun Signal 2019;17(1):154. DOI: 10.1186/s12964-019-0450-3</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Nunnery S.Е., Mayer I.A. Targeting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in hormone-positive breast cancer. Drugs 2020;80(16):1685–97. DOI: 10.1007/s40265-020-01394-w</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Shen L.S., Jin X.Y., Wang X.M. et al. Advances in endocrine and targeted therapy for hormone-receptor-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative advanced breast cancer. Chin Med J 2020;133:1099–108. DOI: 10.1097/CM9.0000000000000745</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Mosele F., Stefanovska B., Lusque A. et al. Outcome and molecular landscape of patients with PIK3CA-mutated metastatic breast cancer. Ann Oncol 2020;31(3):377–86. DOI: 10.1016/j.annonc.2019.11.006</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Ertay A., Liu H., Liu D. et al. WDHD1 is essential for the survival of PTEN-inactive triple-negative breast cancer. Cell Death Dis 2020;11(11):1001. DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-03210-5</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Hanker A.B., Sudhan D.R., Arteaga C.L. Overcoming endocrine resistance in breast cancer. Cancer Cell 2020;37(4):496–513. DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2020.03.009</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Endicott S.J., Ziemba Z.J., Beckmann L.J. et al. Inhibition of class I PI3K enhances chaperone-mediated autophagy. J Cell Biol 2020;219(12):202001031. DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202001031</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Rugo H.S., Raskina K., Schrock A.B. et al. Biology and targetability of the extended spectrum of PIK3CA mutations detected in breast carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2023;29(6):1056–67. DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-22-2115</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Riobo-Del Galdo N.A., Montero Á.L., Wertheimer E.V. Role of Hedgehog signaling in breast cancer: pathogenesis and therapeutics. Cells 2019;8(4):375. DOI: 10.3390/cells8040375</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Habib J.G., O’Shaughnessy J.A. The hedgehog pathway in triple-negative breast cancer. Cancer Med 2016;5(10):2989–3006. DOI: 10.1002/cam4.833</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Patel D.K., Kesharwani R., Verma A. et al. Scope of Wnt signaling in the precise diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer. Drug Discov Today 2023;28(7):103597. DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2023.103597</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Xu X., Zhang M., Xu F., Jiang S. Wnt signaling in breast cancer: biological mechanisms, challenges and opportunities. Mol Cancer 2020;19(1):165. DOI: 10.1186/s12943-020-01276-5 31. Harbeck N., Penault-Llorca F., Cortes J. et al. Breast cancer. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2019;5(1):66. DOI: 10.1038/s41572-019-0111-2</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>Theodosiou A., Arhondakis S., Baumann M., Kossida S. Evolutionary scenarios of Notch proteins. Mol Biol Evol 2009;26(7):1631–40. DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msp075</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>Krishna B.M., Jana S., Singhal J. et al. Notch signaling in breast cancer: from pathway analysis to therapy. Cancer Lett 2019;461:123–31. DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2019.07.012</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>Huang P., Chen A., He W. et al. BMP-2 induces EMT and breast cancer stemness through Rb and CD44. Cell Death Discov 2017;3:17039. DOI: 10.1038/cddiscovery.2017.39</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>Nilendu P., Kumar A., Kumar A. et al. Breast cancer stem cells as last soldiers eluding therapeutic burn: a hard nut to crack. Int J Cancer 2018;142(1):7–17. DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30898</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
