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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Advances in Molecular Oncology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Advances in Molecular Oncology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Успехи молекулярной онкологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2313-805X</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2413-3787</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Publishing House ABV Press</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">788</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17650/2313-805X-2025-12-2-89-103</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>RESEARCH ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Effect of the reverse transcriptase inhibitor efavirenz on 5-azacytidine-induced LINE1 long interspersed repeat expression and genetic instability in acute myeloid leukemia cells</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Влияние ингибитора обратной транскриптазы эфавиренза на индуцированную 5-азацитидином экспрессию длинных диспергированных повторов LINE1 и генетическую нестабильность в клетках острого миелоидного лейкоза</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0004-8514-3859</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Magomedova</surname><given-names>Kh. M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Магомедова</surname><given-names>Х. М.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>24 Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow 115522</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>115522 Москва, Каширское шоссе, 24</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3482-8954</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Antonova</surname><given-names>I. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Антонова</surname><given-names>И. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>24 Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow 115522</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>115522 Москва, Каширское шоссе, 24</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4778-0584</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Strelkov</surname><given-names>M. S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Стрелков</surname><given-names>М. С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>24 Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow 115522</p><p>6 Miklukho-Maklaya St., Moscow 117198</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>115522 Москва, Каширское шоссе, 24</p><p>117198 Москва, ул. Миклухо-Маклая, 6</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Nurtdinova</surname><given-names>V. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Нуртдинова</surname><given-names>В. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>24 Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow 115522</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>115522 Москва, Каширское шоссе, 24</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1457-8570</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Cheshchevik</surname><given-names>V. T.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чещевик</surname><given-names>В. Т.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="BY">Belarus</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>23 Dneprovskoy Flotilla St., Pinsk 225710</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>225710 Пинск, ул. Днепровской флотилии, 23</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8599-6833</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kirsanov</surname><given-names>K. I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кирсанов</surname><given-names>К. И.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>24 Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow 115522</p><p>6 Miklukho-Maklaya St., Moscow 117198</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>115522 Москва, Каширское шоссе, 24</p><p>117198 Москва, ул. Миклухо-Маклая, 6</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3167-7204</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Belitsky</surname><given-names>G. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Белицкий</surname><given-names>Г. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>24 Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow 115522</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>115522 Москва, Каширское шоссе, 24</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9710-8178</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Yakubovskaya</surname><given-names>M. G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Якубовская</surname><given-names>М. Г.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>24 Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow 115522</p><p>6 Miklukho-Maklaya St., Moscow 117198</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Марианна Геннадиевна Якубовская</p><p>115522 Москва, Каширское шоссе, 24</p><p>117198 Москва, ул. Миклухо-Маклая, 6</p></bio><email>mgyakubovskaya@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1498-849X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Vlasova</surname><given-names>O. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Власова</surname><given-names>О. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>24 Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow 115522</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ольга Александровна Власова</p><p>115522 Москва, Каширское шоссе, 24</p></bio><email>olya_vlasov@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Ministry of Health of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр онкологии им. Н.Н. Блохина» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">RUDN Universtiy</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГАОУ ВО «Российский университет дружбы народов»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Polessky State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">УО «Полесский государственный университет»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-05-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>05</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>12</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>89</fpage><lpage>103</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-06-28"><day>28</day><month>06</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-06-28"><day>28</day><month>06</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Magomedova K.M., Antonova I.A., Strelkov M.S., Nurtdinova V.A., Cheshchevik V.T., Kirsanov K.I., Belitsky G.A., Yakubovskaya M.G., Vlasova O.A.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Магомедова Х.М., Антонова И.А., Стрелков М.С., Нуртдинова В.А., Чещевик В.Т., Кирсанов К.И., Белицкий Г.А., Якубовская М.Г., Власова О.А.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Magomedova K.M., Antonova I.A., Strelkov M.S., Nurtdinova V.A., Cheshchevik V.T., Kirsanov K.I., Belitsky G.A., Yakubovskaya M.G., Vlasova O.A.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Магомедова Х.М., Антонова И.А., Стрелков М.С., Нуртдинова В.А., Чещевик В.Т., Кирсанов К.И., Белицкий Г.А., Якубовская М.Г., Власова О.А.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://umo.abvpress.ru/jour/article/view/788">https://umo.abvpress.ru/jour/article/view/788</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Introduction</bold>. The use of hypomethylating agents in the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia has increased overall patient survival by 12 %. However, alongside their potent antitumor effect, hypomethylating agents negatively impact genome stability due to the transposition of activated LINE1 elements, which contributes to the short duration of remission. Since LINE1 retrotransposition requires the ORF2-encoded reverse transcriptase, homologous to the retroviral enzyme, we proposed combining hypomethylating agents with a non-nucleoside inhibitor of this enzyme to reduce the genotoxic effects of 5-azacytidine.</p><p><bold>Aim</bold>. To evaluate the effect of efavirenz on 5-azacytidine in cultured acute myeloid leukemia cells regarding: сytotoxic activity, expression of long interspersed nuclear elements (LINE1), the level of genetic instability.</p><p><bold>Materials and methods</bold>. The study was conducted on THP-1 and KG-1 acute myeloid leukemia cell lines. 5-Azacytidine (hypomethylating agents) and efavirenz (reverse transcriptase inhibitor) were used. Cytotoxicity was assessed via the resazurin assay, apoptosis and necrosis rates were measured by flow cytometry, LINE1 expression was quantified using real-time polymerase chain reaction, and DNA damage was evaluated via the comet assay.</p><p><bold>Results</bold>. Efavirenz did not affect the cytotoxicity of 5-azacytidine. Immunofluorescence staining of LINE1-encoded ORF1 protein and flow cytometry confirmed that efavirenz did not alter LINE1 expression levels. However, comet assay data indicated that combining 5-azacytidine with efavirenz reduced its genotoxic effects.</p><p><bold>Conclusion</bold>. Our findings demonstrate, for the first time, the potential of a novel acute myeloid leukemia treatment strategy combining hypomethylating agents with reverse transcriptase inhibitors.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Введение</bold>. использование гипометилирующих агентов в терапии острого миелоидного лейкоза позволило увеличить общую выживаемость пациентов на 12 %. Однако, наряду с мощным противоопухолевым эффектом, эти агенты оказывают негативное влияние на стабильность генома из-за транспозиции активированных LINE1, чем обусловлена малая продолжительность ремиссии. поскольку для ретротранспозиции LINE1 необходима кодируемая ими обратная транскриптаза ORF2 LINE1, гомологичная ферменту ретровирусов, мы предложили использовать гипометилирующие агенты в комбинации с ненуклеозидным ингибитором этого фермента, чтобы снизить генотоксическое действие 5-азацитидина.</p><p><bold>Цель исследования</bold> – оценить влияние эфавиренза на эффекты 5-азацитидина в отношении культивируемых клеток острого миелоидного лейкоза: цитотоксическую активность, экспрессию длинных диспергированных повторов LINE1 и уровень генетической нестабильности. Материалы и методы. исследование проведено на клетках острого миелоидного лейкоза THP-1 и KG-1. В качестве гипометилирующих агентов и ингибитора обратной транскриптазы использованы 5-азацитидин и эфавиренз соот ветственно. Цитотоксическое действие препаратов и их комбинаций определяли с помощью резазуринового теста, долю апоптотических и некротических клеток оценивали с использованием проточной цитофлуориметрии, экспрессию LINE1 – с помощью полимеразной цепной реакции в реальном времени. Для оценки уровня повреждения ДНК применяли метод ДНК-комет.</p><p><bold>Результаты</bold>. Выявлено отсутствие влияния эфавиренза на цитотоксичность 5-азацитидина. С помощью иммунофлуо ресцентного окрашивания 2-го кодируемого LINE1 белка – ORF1 – и проточной цитометрии продемонстрировано отсутствие воздействия эфавиренза на уровень экспрессии LINE1. В то же время данные теста ДНК-комет свидетельствуют о снижении генотоксического эффекта 5-азацитидина при его использовании в комбинации с эфавирензом.</p><p><bold>Заключение</bold>. Результаты нашего исследования впервые показали перспективность развития нового подхода к терапии острого миелоидного лейкоза с использованием гипометилирующих агентов путем их комбинации с ингибиторами обратной транскриптазы.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>acute myeloid leukemia</kwd><kwd>hypomethylating agent</kwd><kwd>retroviral reverse transcriptase inhibitor</kwd><kwd>long interspersed repeats LINE1</kwd><kwd>5-azacytidine</kwd><kwd>efavirenz</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>острый миелоидный лейкоз</kwd><kwd>гипометилирующий агент</kwd><kwd>ингибитор обратной транскриптазы ретровирусов</kwd><kwd>длинные диспергированные повторы LINE1</kwd><kwd>5-азацитидин</kwd><kwd>эфавиренз</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study was carried out with the financial support of the Russian Science Foundation (project No. 23-25-00276).</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено при финансовой поддержке Российского научного фонда (проект № 23-25-00276).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Granatkin M.A., Nikitin E.A., Mikhailov E.S. et al. 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