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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Advances in Molecular Oncology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Advances in Molecular Oncology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Успехи молекулярной онкологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2313-805X</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2413-3787</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Publishing House ABV Press</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">797</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17650/2313-805X-2025-12-4-125-138</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>RESEARCH ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Development and clinical approbation of miR-THYROID test-system for differential diagnosis of thyroid follicular adenomas and carcinomas</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Разработка и клиническая апробация тест-системы для дифференциальной диагностики фолликулярных аденом и карцином щитовидной железы «миР-ТИРОИД»</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6148-6994</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shalaev</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шалаев</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>anastasia@malek.com.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0827-1641</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zabegina</surname><given-names>L. M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Забегина</surname><given-names>Л. М.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>anastasia@malek.com.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2079-5061</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Aleksandrova</surname><given-names>M. S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Александрова</surname><given-names>М. С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>anastasia@malek.com.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0001-8720-5062</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Lokteva</surname><given-names>P. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Локтева</surname><given-names>П. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>anastasia@malek.com.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6148-6778</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bandyk</surname><given-names>Ya. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бандык</surname><given-names>Я. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="BY">Belarus</country></address><email>anastasia@malek.com.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Krasil’nikova</surname><given-names>L. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Красильникова</surname><given-names>Л. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>anastasia@malek.com.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9916-6232</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kulyash</surname><given-names>A. G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Куляш</surname><given-names>А. Г.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>anastasia@malek.com.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7817-9069</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5920-0603</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Vorob’ev</surname><given-names>S. L.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Воробьев</surname><given-names>С. Л.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>anastasia@malek.com.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3001-664X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Chernikov</surname><given-names>R. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Черников</surname><given-names>Р. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>anastasia@malek.com.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1903-5081</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sleptsov</surname><given-names>I. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Слепцов</surname><given-names>И. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>anastasia@malek.com.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5334-7292</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Malek</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Малек</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>anastasia@malek.com.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">N.N. Petrov National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Ministry of Health of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр онкологии им. Н.Н. Петрова» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">LLC “Algimed-Techno”</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ООО «Альгимед-Техно»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">N.I. Pirogov Clinic of High Medical Technologies, Saint Petersburg State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Клиника высоких медицинских технологий им. Н.И. Пирогова ФГБОУ ВО «Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">LLC “National Center of Clinical Morphological Diagnostics”</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ООО «Национальный центр клинической морфологической диагностики»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-12-14" publication-format="electronic"><day>14</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>12</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>125</fpage><lpage>138</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-07-22"><day>22</day><month>07</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Shalaev A.V., Zabegina L.M., Aleksandrova M.S., Lokteva P.A., Bandyk Y.A., Krasil’nikova L.A., Kulyash A.G., Vorob’ev S.L., Chernikov R.A., Slepzov I.V., Malek A.V.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Шалаев А.В., Забегина Л.М., Александрова М.С., Локтева П.А., Бандык Я.А., Красильникова Л.А., Куляш А.Г., Воробьев С.Л., Черников Р.А., Слепцов И.В., Малек А.В.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Shalaev A.V., Zabegina L.M., Aleksandrova M.S., Lokteva P.A., Bandyk Y.A., Krasil’nikova L.A., Kulyash A.G., Vorob’ev S.L., Chernikov R.A., Slepzov I.V., Malek A.V.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Шалаев А.В., Забегина Л.М., Александрова М.С., Локтева П.А., Бандык Я.А., Красильникова Л.А., Куляш А.Г., Воробьев С.Л., Черников Р.А., Слепцов И.В., Малек А.В.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://umo.abvpress.ru/jour/article/view/797">https://umo.abvpress.ru/jour/article/view/797</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Introduction</bold>.<bold> </bold>Absence of objective morphological signs of malignancy complicates the problem of preoperative differential diagnosis of nodular thyroid lesions with follicular structure. In ambiguous cases, selection of surgical treatment is justified but results of histological examination of operative material often show benign nature of the nodules. A possible solution for this problem is development of molecular diagnostic methods for this pathology. For example, the miR-THYROID test system is based on the differences in expression patterns of regulatory microRNAs (miRNAs) in follicular adenoma cells and follicular thyroid cancer cells.</p> <p><bold>Aim</bold>. To develop and validate a set of reagents (miR-THYROID) for differential diagnosis of follicular adenoma and follicular thyroid cancer using reverse transcription with subsequent polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).</p> <p>Materials and methods. Selection of potential marker molecules (n = 53) is based on the results of previous study of histologically verified samples of follicular adenoma and follicular thyroid cancer using high-throughput sequencing. In this study, a test system based on RT reaction with two-tailed primer and quantitative PCR with TaqMan probe was developed. To evaluate analytical characteristics of this technology, synthetic analogues of miRNA molecules were used; for analysis of diagnostic characteristics of the method, cytology samples of follicular adenoma (n = 20) and follicular thyroid cancer (n = 20) were used.</p> <p><bold>Results</bold>. Studies of analytical characteristics of RT-PCR system and concentration of potential marker molecules in cytology samples were performed which allowed to shorten the list of marker miRNAs from 53 to 7 (hsa-miR-15a-5p, -20-5p, -24-3p, -106b-5p, -143-3p, -146b-5p, -192-5p). Algorithm of RT-PCR result analysis was developed based on calculation of molecule concentration ratios relative to oppositely directed follicular cancer-associated changes in expression, combination of these results, and calculation of the miR-T diagnostic parameter. miR-THYROID test system based in RT-PCR technology allowed to differentiate follicular adenoma from follicular cancer with sensitivity 89.47 % and specificity 90 %, positive prognostic significance 89.47 %, negative prognostic significance 90 %, and accuracy 89.74 %.</p> <p><bold>Conclusion</bold>. Test system miR-THYROID based on 7 microRNA molecules was validated on 40 samples (20 samples of follicular adenoma and 20 samples of follicular cancer) and demonstrated high diagnostic significance.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Введение</bold>.<bold> </bold>Отсутствие объективных морфологических признаков злокачественности осложняет задачу дооперационной дифференциальной диагностики узловых образований щитовидной железы фолликулярной структуры. В сомнительных случаях выбор оперативной лечебной тактики представляется оправданным, но гистологическое исследование операционного материала часто выявляет доброкачественный характер узлов. Возможным решением проблемы является разработка методов молекулярной диагностики данной патологии. Например, феномен отличия паттернов экспрессии регуляторных молекул микроРНК в клетках фолликулярной аденомы и фолликулярного рака щитовидной железы послужил основой для создания тест-системы<bold> </bold>«миР-ТИРОИД».</p> <p><bold>Цель исследования</bold> – разработка и апробация набора реагентов («миР-ТИРОИД») для дифференциальной диагностики фолликулярной аденомы и фолликулярного рака щитовидной железы с помощью реакции обратной транскрипции и последующей полимеразной цепной реакции (ОТ-ПЦР) молекул микроРНК.</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы</bold>. Выбор потенциально маркерных молекул (n = 53) основан на результатах проведенного ранее исследования гистологически верифицированных образцов фолликулярной аденомы и фолликулярного рака щитовидной железы с помощью технологии высокопроизводительного секвенирования. В данном исследовании использована тест-система, основанная на реакции ОТ с двухфланговым праймером и количественной ПЦР с TaqMan- зондом. Для оценки аналитических характеристик этой технологии использованы синтетические аналоги молекул микроРНК, для анализа диагностических характеристик метода – цитологические препараты фолликулярной аденомы (n = 20) и фолликулярного рака (n = 20) щитовидной железы.</p> <p><bold>Результаты</bold>. Исследованы аналитические характеристики систем ОТ-ПЦР и концентрация потенциально маркерных молекул в цитологических препаратах, что позволило сократить список маркерных микроРНК с 53 до 7 (hsa-miR-15a-5p, -20-5p, -24-3p, -106b-5p, -143-3p, -146b-5p, -192-5p). Разработан алгоритм анализа результатов ОТ-ПЦР, основанный на вычислении соотношения концентраций молекул с разнонаправленными ассоциированными с фолликулярным раком изменениями экспрессии, комбинации этих результатов и расчете значения диагностического параметра «миР-Т». Тест-система «миР-ТИРОИД», основанная на технологии ОТ-ПЦР и алгоритме анализа данных, позволила дифференцировать фолликулярную аденому и фолликулярный рак с чувствительностью 89,47 %, специфичностью 90 %, положительным прогностическим значением 89,47 %, отрицательным прогностическим значением 90 % и точностью 89,74 %.</p> <p><bold>Заключение</bold>. Разработанная на основе 7 молекул микроРНК тест-система «миР-ТИРОИД», клиническая апробация которой проведена на 40 образцах (20 образцов фолликулярной аденомы и 20 образцов фолликулярного рака), продемонстрировала высокую диагностическую значимость.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>thyroid gland</kwd><kwd>follicular adenoma</kwd><kwd>follicular carcinoma</kwd><kwd>microRNA</kwd><kwd>reverse transcription with following polymerase chain reaction</kwd><kwd>differential diagnostics</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>щитовидная железа</kwd><kwd>фолликулярная аденома</kwd><kwd>фолликулярный рак</kwd><kwd>микроРНК</kwd><kwd>реакции обратной транскрипции c последующей полимеразной цепной реакцией</kwd><kwd>дифференциальная диагностика</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Министерство здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>056-00108-21-00</award-id></award-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «НМИЦ онкологии им. 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