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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Advances in Molecular Oncology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Advances in Molecular Oncology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Успехи молекулярной онкологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2313-805X</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2413-3787</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Publishing House ABV Press</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">807</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17650/2313-805X-2026-13-1-72-85</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>RESEARCH ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Germline pathogenic variants in Russian breast cancer patients revealed by whole-genome sequencing</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Спектр герминальных патогенных вариантов у российских пациенток с диагностированным раком молочной железы, выявленный по результатам полногеномного секвенирования</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2835-5992</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Nemtsova</surname><given-names>M. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Немцова</surname><given-names>Марина Вячеславовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>nemtsova@evogenlab.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1581-9118</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Makarova</surname><given-names>M. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Макарова</surname><given-names>Мария Владимировна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>makarova@evogenlab.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5296-0068</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Byakhova</surname><given-names>M. M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бяхова</surname><given-names>Мария Михайловна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>biakhovamm@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3573-8342</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Danishevich</surname><given-names>A. M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Данишевич</surname><given-names>Анастасия Михайловна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>a.danishevich@mknc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4845-4701</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Mishina</surname><given-names>O. S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мишина</surname><given-names>Олеся Сергеевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>mishina@evogenlab.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6556-163X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Belenikin</surname><given-names>M. S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Беленикин</surname><given-names>Максим Сергеевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>belenikin@evogenlab.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0653-3655</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Krinitsina</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Криницына</surname><given-names>Анастасия Александровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>krinitsina@evogenlab.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2534-8463</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sagaydak</surname><given-names>O. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сагайдак</surname><given-names>Олеся Владимировна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>sagaydak@evogenlab.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8433-0837</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Semenova</surname><given-names>A. B.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Семенова</surname><given-names>Анна Борисовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>asemenova81@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8664-7310</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Babadzhanova</surname><given-names>Ch. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бабаджанова</surname><given-names>Чинчи Владимировна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>babadzhanovacv@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0009-8966-9694</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shatalova</surname><given-names>M. Yu.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шаталова</surname><given-names>Марина Юрьевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>marina-gorodnova2014@ya.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3119-7673</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bodunova</surname><given-names>N. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бодунова</surname><given-names>Наталья Александровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>n.bodunova@mknc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3107-3731</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Khatkov</surname><given-names>I. E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хатьков</surname><given-names>Игорь Евгеньевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>i.hatkov@mknc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6619-6179</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Galkin</surname><given-names>V. N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Галкин</surname><given-names>Всеволод Николаевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>vsgalkin@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3455-493X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gadzhyeva</surname><given-names>S. M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гаджиева</surname><given-names>Саида Мердановна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>zdrav@mos.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">LLC “Evogen”</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ООО «Эвоген»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">City Clinical Hospital named after S.S. Yudin, Moscow Healthcare Department</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ГБУЗ «Городская клиническая больница им. С.С. Юдина Департамента здравоохранения г. Москвы»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">A.S. Loginov Moscow Clinical Scientific Center of the Moscow Healthcare Department</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ГБУЗ г. Москвы «Московский клинический научно-практический центр им. А.С. Логинова Департамента здравоохранения г. Москвы»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Moscow Healthcare Department</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Департамент здравоохранения г. Москвы</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-03-16" publication-format="electronic"><day>16</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>13</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>72</fpage><lpage>85</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-08-22"><day>22</day><month>08</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Nemtsova M.V., Makarova M.V., Byakhova M.M., Danishevich A.M., Mishina O.S., Belenikin M.S., Krinitsina A.A., Sagaydak O.V., Semenova A.B., Babadzhanova C.V., Shatalova M.Y., Bodunova N.A., Khatkov I.E., Galkin V.N., Gadzhyeva S.M.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Немцова М.В., Макарова М.В., Бяхова М.М., Данишевич А.М., Мишина О.С., Беленикин М.С., Криницына А.А., Сагайдак О.В., Семенова А.Б., Бабаджанова Ч.В., Шаталова М.Ю., Бодунова Н.А., Хатьков И.Е., Галкин В.Н., Гаджиева С.М.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Nemtsova M.V., Makarova M.V., Byakhova M.M., Danishevich A.M., Mishina O.S., Belenikin M.S., Krinitsina A.A., Sagaydak O.V., Semenova A.B., Babadzhanova C.V., Shatalova M.Y., Bodunova N.A., Khatkov I.E., Galkin V.N., Gadzhyeva S.M.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Немцова М.В., Макарова М.В., Бяхова М.М., Данишевич А.М., Мишина О.С., Беленикин М.С., Криницына А.А., Сагайдак О.В., Семенова А.Б., Бабаджанова Ч.В., Шаталова М.Ю., Бодунова Н.А., Хатьков И.Е., Галкин В.Н., Гаджиева С.М.</copyright-holder><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://umo.abvpress.ru/jour/article/view/807">https://umo.abvpress.ru/jour/article/view/807</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Introduction. In 20–25 % of cases of patients with hereditary forms of breast cancer (BC), pathogenic variants of the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes predisposing to BC and ovarian cancer can be identified. Based on the results of previous Russian studies, a simple and inexpensive testing system using real-time polymerase chain reaction consisting of the 8 most frequently identified variants (mutations) in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes was developed. The use of targeted panels for high-throughput sequencing and whole genome sequencing for diagnosis of hereditary BC led to identification of a number of genes with pathological variants causing this pathology in patients and their relatives.</p> <p>Aim. To evaluate the profile and frequency of pathological variants in genes associated with tumor development in Russian patients with BC.</p> <p>Materials and methods. Analysis of the results of whole genome sequencing of samples from 1514 patients with BC and 5163 individuals without oncological diseases (control group) was performed.</p> <p>Results. A spectrum of mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes, as well as pathogenic variants in other genes, were identified. Based on the results of whole genome sequencing a new panel was developed consisting of 10 most common mutations in the BRCA1, BRCA2, АТМ and PALB2 genes. Additionally, significant associations between pathogenic variants in the ATM gene with estrogen-positive luminal BC (р = 0.034) and pathogenic variants in the BRCA1 gene with triple negative BC (p &lt; 0.001) were found.</p> <p>Conclusion.<bold> </bold>In accordance with the obtained data, the new panel of the most common pathogenic variants includes BRCA1 (rs28897672, rs80357522, rs80357906, rs41293455, rs80358094), BRCA2 (rs28897756, rs80359604), АТМ (rs587782652) and PALB2 (rs180177143, rs515726123). Implementation of the new extended panel for identification of frequent mutations in Russian patients with BC in clinical practice will allow to identify up to 7.7 % of germline variants in a random sample.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Введение.<bold> </bold>В группе пациенток с наследственными формами рака молочной железы (РМЖ) в 20–25 % случаев могут выть выявлены патогенные варианты в генах предрасположенности к РМЖ и раку яичников – BRCA1 и BRCA2. На основе результатов ранее проведенных российских исследований разработана простая и недорогая система для тестирования с использованием полимеразной цепной реакции в реальном времени, состоящая из 8 наиболее часто определяемых вариантов (мутаций) в генах BRCA1 и BRCA2. Применение таргетных панелей для высокопроизводительного секвенирования и полногеномных методов секвенирования для диагностики наследственного РМЖ привело к обнаружению целого ряда генов, патогенные варианты в которых также являются причиной развития данной патологии у пациенток и их родственников.</p> <p>Цель исследования – оценить структуру и частоту встречаемости патогенных вариантов в генах, ассоциированных с развитием опухолей, у российских пациенток с РМЖ.</p> <p>Материалы и методы. Проведен анализ результатов полногеномного секвенирования образцов 1514 пациенток с РМЖ и 5163 лиц без онкологических заболеваний (контрольная группа).</p> <p>Результаты. Выявлен спектр мутаций в генах BRCA1 и BRCA2, а также патогенные варианты в других генах. По результатам полногеномного секвенирования сформирована новая панель, состоящая из 10 наиболее распространенных мутаций в генах BRCA1, BRCA2, АТМ и PALB2. Также определена значимая связь патогенных вариантов в гене ATM c эстроген-положительным люминальным РМЖ (р = 0,034) и патогенных вариантов в гене BRCA1 с трижды негативным РМЖ (p &lt; 0,001).</p> <p>Заключение.<bold> </bold>В соответствии с полученными данными новая панель наиболее часто встречающихся патогенных вариантов включает BRCA1 (rs28897672, rs80357522, rs80357906, rs41293455, rs80358094), BRCA2 (rs28897756, rs80359604), АТМ (rs587782652) и PALB2 (rs180177143, rs515726123). Внедрение в диагностическую практику новой расширенной панели для поиска частых мутаций у российских пациенток с РМЖ позволит выявить до 7,7 % герминальных вариантов в неотобранной выборке.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>breast cancer</kwd><kwd>hereditary cancer syndrome</kwd><kwd>hereditary breast cancer</kwd><kwd>BRCA1</kwd><kwd>BRCA2</kwd><kwd>whole genome sequencing</kwd><kwd>pathogenic variant</kwd><kwd>common mutations</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>рак молочной железы</kwd><kwd>наследственный опухолевый синдром</kwd><kwd>наследственный рак молочной железы</kwd><kwd>BRCA1</kwd><kwd>BRCA2</kwd><kwd>полногеномное секвенирование</kwd><kwd>патогенный вариант</kwd><kwd>часто встречющиеся мутации</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study was funded by a Moscow Healthcare Department grant (agreement on grant provision in the form of subsidy from the Moscow budget to the City Clinical Hospital named after S.S. Yudin, Moscow Healthcare Department, No. 1022/2 dated 24.12.2020; agreement on grant provision in the form of subsidy from the Moscow budget to the “Evogen” LLC No. 01-04-496 dated 29.12.2020 and No. 01-04-709 dated 28.09.2022).</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование проведено за счет средств гранта Департамента здравоохранения г. Москвы (соглашение о предоставлении гранта в форме субсидии из бюджета г. Москвы ГБУЗ «Городская клиническая больница им. С.С. Юдина Департамента здравоохранения г. Москвы» № 1022/2 от 24.12.2020; соглашения о предоставлении гранта в форме субсидии из бюджета г. Москвы ООО «Эвоген» № 01-04-496 от 29.12.2020 и № 01-04-709 от 28.09.2022).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Smolarz B., Nowak A.Z., Romanowicz H. Breast cancer-epidemiology, classification, pathogenesis and treatment (review of literature). Cancers (Basel) 2022;14(10):2569. 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