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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Advances in Molecular Oncology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Advances in Molecular Oncology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Успехи молекулярной онкологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2313-805X</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2413-3787</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Publishing House ABV Press</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">811</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17650/2313-805X-2025-12-4-109-124</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>RESEARCH ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Overexpression of ABC transporters in gastrointestinal stromal tumors as one of the mechanisms for the development of secondary chemoresistance</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Гиперэкспрессия АВС-транспортеров в гастроинтестинальных стромальных опухолях как один из механизмов развития вторичной химиорезистентности</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9012-6525</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bikinieva</surname><given-names>F. F.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бикиниева</surname><given-names>Ф. Ф.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>boichuksergei@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5449-4435</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Dunaev</surname><given-names>P. D.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дунаев</surname><given-names>П. Д.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>boichuksergei@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0293-2974</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Galembikova</surname><given-names>A. R.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Галембикова</surname><given-names>А. Р.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>boichuksergei@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0003-4348-9141</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gessel</surname><given-names>Т. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гессель</surname><given-names>Т. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>boichuksergei@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2078-4274</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kopnin</surname><given-names>P. B.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Копнин</surname><given-names>П. Б.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>boichuksergei@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6210-4660</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Egorova</surname><given-names>E. S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Егорова</surname><given-names>Э. С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>boichuksergei@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2595-353X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ryzhkin</surname><given-names>S. А.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рыжкин</surname><given-names>С. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>boichuksergei@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2415-1084</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Boichuk</surname><given-names>S. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бойчук</surname><given-names>С. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>boichuksergei@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Kazan State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВО «Казанский государственный медицинский университет» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Research Institute of Carcinogenesis, N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Ministry of Health of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Научно-исследовательский институт канцерогенеза ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр онкологии им. Н.Н. Блохина» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Central Research Laboratory, Kazan State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Центральная научно-исследовательская лаборатория ФГБОУ ВО «Казанский государственный медицинский университет» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Medical Academy of Continuing Professional Education, Ministry of Health of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ДПО «Российская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образования» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff5"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, Tatarsran Academy of Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Отделение медицинских и биологических наук Академии наук Республики Татарстан</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-12-14" publication-format="electronic"><day>14</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>12</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>109</fpage><lpage>124</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-09-29"><day>29</day><month>09</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Bikinieva F.F., Dunaev P.D., Galembikova A.R., Gessel Т.V., Kopnin P.B., Egorova E.S., Ryzhkin S.А., Boichuk S.V.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Бикиниева Ф.Ф., Дунаев П.Д., Галембикова А.Р., Гессель Т.В., Копнин П.Б., Егорова Э.С., Рыжкин С.А., Бойчук С.В.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Bikinieva F.F., Dunaev P.D., Galembikova A.R., Gessel Т.V., Kopnin P.B., Egorova E.S., Ryzhkin S.А., Boichuk S.V.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Бикиниева Ф.Ф., Дунаев П.Д., Галембикова А.Р., Гессель Т.В., Копнин П.Б., Егорова Э.С., Рыжкин С.А., Бойчук С.В.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://umo.abvpress.ru/jour/article/view/811">https://umo.abvpress.ru/jour/article/view/811</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Introduction</bold>. ABC transporters (ATP-binding cassette transporters) are a class of membrane transporter proteins that play a crucial role in various physiological processes, including nutrient uptake, the secretion of signaling molecules, and the elimination of toxins. In addition to the above physiological functions, these proteins play a crucial role in the development of multidrug resistance in malignant neoplasms, thereby contributing to the progression of the disease. The main types of ABC transporters, for which their clinical significance in the development of drug resistance to chemotherapy and targeted therapy in many malignant neoplasms has been proven, include P-glycoprotein (P-gp, MDR1), BCRP and MRP1. However, the role of these proteins in the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) and the formation of their resistance to chemotherapy is poorly understood.</p> <p><bold>Aim</bold>.<bold> </bold>To assess the expression of ABC transporters (ABCB1/MDR1, ABCC1/MRP1, and ABCG2/BCRP), the intracellular content of their fluorescent substrates, and stemness markers in imatinib mesylate (IM) sensitive and resistant GIST cell lines, and their role in resistance to chemotherapy.</p> <p><bold>Materials and methods</bold>.<bold> </bold>The study was conducted using GIST cell lines sensitive (GIST T-1) and resistant (GIST T-1R and GIST 430) to IM. As a positive control for the overexpression of ABC transporters in tumor cell lines, we utilized the previously obtained subline of triple-negative breast cancer HCC 1806 Tx-R, which has been proven to exhibit overexpression of ABC transporters.</p> <p><bold>Results</bold>.<bold> </bold>We observed the increased expression of some ABC transporters (MRP1, ABCG2, and MDR1) in the IM-resistant GIST 430 cell line. This resulted in a significant increase in the excretion of their fluorescent substrate rhodamine 123 compared to the IM-resistant GIST T-1R cell line. At the same time, in the presence of P-gp inhibitors (cyclosporine A and tariquidar), as well as MRP1 (MK-571), there was a significant increase in the number of rhodamine-positive cells. A similar pattern was observed for some chemotherapeutic agents exhibiting autofluorescent activity, specifically an increase in the intensity of their fluorescence in the presence of corresponding ABC transporter inhibitors, indicating an increase in their intracellular concentration in GIST 430. Moreover, for doxorubicin, its excretion from GIST cells was proven exclusively by MRP1 protein, while mitoxantrone was “pumped out” from cells mainly through P-gp. The result of hyperexpression of these transporters in GIST 430 cells was their resistance to the drugs mentioned above, as evidenced by a 4- and 5-fold increase in the values of half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC<sub>50</sub>) for doxorubicin and mitoxantrone, respectively, in relation to GIST 430 cells compared to the GIST T-1R cell line. Based on the results of expression of stemness markers (CD44 and CD133) and colony formation, no evidence of the presence of a pool of cells with a stemness phenotype in the GIST 430 cell line was obtained.</p> <p><bold>Conclusion</bold>.<bold> </bold>One of the mechanisms of secondary resistance of GIST 430 cells to chemotherapy is the hyperexpression of ABC transporters (MRP1, ABCG2, and MDR1), which is not associated with the presence of cells with a stemness phenotype in this cell line.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Введение</bold>. АВС-транспортеры (АТФ-связывающие кассетные транспортеры) – класс мембранных транспортерных белков, играющих большую роль во многих физиологических процессах, таких как усвоение питательных веществ, секреция сигнальных молекул и токсинов, а также в развитии множественной лекарственной устойчивости.<bold> </bold>Главные представители АВС-транспортеров P-гликопротеин (P-gp, MDR1), BCRP и MRP1 способствуют возникновению лекарственной устойчивости к химио- и таргетной терапии при многих типах злокачественных опухолей. Роль данных белков в механизмах вторичной резистентности гастроинтестинальных стромальных опухолей (ГИСО) к таргетной терапии иматиниба мезилатом (ИМ) является одним из неизученных вопросов современной онкологии.</p> <p><bold>Цель исследования</bold> – оценка экспрессии АВС-транспортеров (ABCB1/MDR1, АВСС1/MRP1 и ABCG2/BCRP), внутриклеточного содержания их флуоресцентных субстратов, а также маркеров стволовости в чувствительных к ИМ и резистентных к нему клеточных линиях ГИСО и их роли в резистентности к химиопрепаратам.</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы</bold>.<bold> </bold>Исследование проводили с использованием 3 клеточных линий ГИСО, чувствительных (ГИСО Т-1) и резистентных (ГИСО Т-1R и ГИСО 430) к ИМ. В качестве положительного контроля гиперэкспрессии ABC-транспортеров на опухолевых клеточных линиях применена ранее полученная нами сублиния трижды негативного рака молочной железы HCC1806 Tx-R с доказанной гиперэкспрессией АВС-транспортеров.</p> <p><bold>Результаты</bold>.<bold> </bold>Доказана повышенная экспрессия некоторых ABC-транспортеров (MRP1, ABCG2 и MDR1) в ИМ-резистентной клеточной линии ГИСО 430. Результатом этого стало значимое увеличение экскреции их флуоресцентного субстрата родамина 123 по сравнению с ИМ-резистентной клеточной линией ГИСО Т-1R. В то же время в присутствии ингибиторов P-gp (циклоспорина А и тариквидара), а также MRP1 (MK571) происходило значимое повышение количества родамин-положительных клеток. Аналогичная закономерность выявлена для некоторых химиопрепаратов, обладающих автофлуоресцентной активностью. Так, обнаружено повышение интенсивности их флуоресценции в присутствии соответствующих ингибиторов ABC-транспортеров, свидетельствовавшее об увеличении их внутриклеточной концентрации в ГИСО 430. При этом доказана экскреция доксорубицина из клеток ГИСО исключительно белком MRP1, в то время как митоксантрон «откачивался» из клеток преимущественно P-gp. Результатом гиперэкспрессии данных транспортеров в клетках ГИСО 430 явилась их резистентность к вышеуказанным препаратам, о чем свидетельствовало 4- и 5-кратное увеличение значений полумаксимальных ингибирующих концентраций (IC<sub>50</sub>) для доксорубицина и митоксантрона соответственно в отношении клеток ГИСО 430 по сравнению с клеточной линией ГИСО T-1R. На основании результатов экспрессии маркеров стволовости (CD44 и CD133), а также колониеобразования, доказательств наличия пула клеток с фенотипом стволовости в клеточной линии ГИСО 430 получено не было.</p> <p><bold>Заключение</bold>.<bold> </bold>Одним из механизмов вторичной резистентности клеток линии ГИСО 430 к химиопрепаратам является гиперэкспрессия АВС-транспортеров (MRP1, ABCG2 и MDR1), не связанных с наличием в опухолевой линии клеток с фенотипом стволовости.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>gastrointestinal stromal tumor</kwd><kwd>secondary resistance</kwd><kwd>chemoresistance</kwd><kwd>stem cell</kwd><kwd>ABC transporter</kwd><kwd>doxorubicin</kwd><kwd>rhodamine 123</kwd><kwd>mitoxantrone</kwd><kwd>aldehyde dehydrogenase</kwd><kwd>CD133</kwd><kwd>CD44</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>гастроинтестинальная стромальная опухоль</kwd><kwd>вторичная резистентность</kwd><kwd>химиорезистентность</kwd><kwd>стволовая клетка</kwd><kwd>АВС-транспортер</kwd><kwd>доксорубицин</kwd><kwd>родамин 123</kwd><kwd>митоксантрон</kwd><kwd>альдегиддегидрогеназа</kwd><kwd>CD133</kwd><kwd>CD44</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский научный фонд</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Science Foundation</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>24-25-00418</award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Lasota J., Miettinen M. 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