Advances in Molecular OncologyAdvances in Molecular OncologyУспехи молекулярной онкологии2313-805X2413-3787Publishing House ABV Press83610.17650/2313-805X-2026-13-1-16-29REVIEW ARTICLESОБЗОРНЫЕ СТАТЬИReview ArticleLocal and systemic immune profiles in tumorsЛокальный и системный иммунные профили при злокачественных новообразованияхhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-0390-8498KulyovaSvetlana A.КулеваСветлана Александровна
Russian Federation
Kulevadoc@yandex.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-0301-8455SavelievaOlga E.СавельеваОльга Евгеньева
Russian Federation
olga_chechina@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-7472-4613BalduevaIrina A.БалдуеваИрина А.
Russian Federation
biahome@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-5004-1543BorokshinovaKsenia M.БорокшиноваКсения М.
Russian Federation
bk0807@bk.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-1081-5118MikhaylovaElena A.МихайловаЕлена А.
Russian Federation
helen_mikhaylova@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-7826-4861NekhaevaTatyana L.НехаеваТатьяна Л.
Russian Federation
nehaeva151274@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-9886-1420KulyovaAlika A.КулеваАлика А.
Russian Federation
kuleva.alika@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-6742-5754SenchurovEvgeny M.СенчуровЕвгений М.
Russian Federation
senchurov85@mail.ruN.N. Petrov National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Ministry of Health of RussiaФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр онкологии им. Н.Н. Петрова» Минздрава РоссииSaint Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University, Ministry of Health RussiaФГБОУ ВО «Санкт-Петербургский государственный педиатрический медицинский университет» Минздрава России16032026131162904122025Copyright ©; 2026, Kulyova S.A., Savelieva O.E., Baldueva I.A., Borokshinova K.M., Mikhaylova E.A., Nekhaeva T.L., Kulyova A.A., Senchurov E.M.Copyright ©; 2026, Кулева С.А., Савельева О.Е., Балдуева И.А., Борокшинова К.М., Михайлова Е.А., Нехаева Т.Л., Кулева А.А., Сенчуров Е.М.2026Kulyova S.A., Savelieva O.E., Baldueva I.A., Borokshinova K.M., Mikhaylova E.A., Nekhaeva T.L., Kulyova A.A., Senchurov E.M.Кулева С.А., Савельева О.Е., Балдуева И.А., Борокшинова К.М., Михайлова Е.А., Нехаева Т.Л., Кулева А.А., Сенчуров Е.М.https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0https://umo.abvpress.ru/jour/article/view/836

Contacts: Svetlana Aleksandrovna Kulyova Kulevadoc@yandex.ru

The immune system is able to destroy tumors, but the progression of the malignant process indicates a violation of this mechanism. Analysis of literature data on the prognostic effect of different microenvironment T subpopulations shows that cytotoxic CD8+-T cells and memory T cells associated with Th1-type immune response correlate with good clinical course in most cancer types studied. On the other hand, the prognostic value of Th2, Th17 or Treg cell populations is inconsistent and varies depending on the type and stage of malignancy. Overall, these results strongly suggest that tumor behavior should now be viewed as the result of a balance between an invasive tumor process and a coordinated macroorganism immune response. In children, the microenvironment of solid tumors is heterogeneous, dynamic, and distinct from the microenvironment of neoplasias found in adults. Due to the low mutation burden, tumors in children have a limited set of neoantigens that could be recognized, and a small number of infiltrating T cells are represented in their tumor environment. Traditional biopsy does not always reflect tumor heterogeneity, so the focus shifts to peripheral blood testing. Biomarkers in the blood allow reassessment at different time points, they are readily available and their sampling is less invasive for patients. In addition, they can provide more information on immune status and assist in assessing a patient’s potential to develop effective immunity against a tumor. The article presents a modern view of immunological landscape of malignant tumors with a complex network of various cell populations and interactions between them.

Иммунная система способна уничтожать опухоли, однако прогрессия злокачественного процесса свидетельствует о нарушении этого механизма. Анализ данных литературы о прогностическом эффекте различных Т-субпопуляций микроокружения опухоли показывает, что цитотоксические CD8+-Т-клетки и Т-клетки памяти, ассоциированные с типом Th1 иммунной реакции, коррелируют с благоприятным клиническим течением при большинстве изученных типах рака. Однако прогностическая ценность популяций Th2-, Th17- и Treg-клеток противоречива и варьирует в зависимости от типа и стадии злокачественного новообразования. В целом эти результаты убедительно свидетельствуют о том, что поведение опухоли следует рассматривать как результат баланса между инвазивным опухолевым процессом и скоординированной иммунной реакцией макроорганизма. У детей микроокружение солидных опухолей неоднородно, динамично и отличается от микроокружения неоплазий, встречающихся у взрослых. В связи с низкой мутационной нагрузкой опухолей для пациентов детского возраста характерен ограниченный набор неоантигенов, которые могли бы быть распознаны, а в опухолевом окружении представлено небольшое количество инфильтрирующих Т-клеток. Традиционная биопсия не всегда отражает гетерогенность опухоли, поэтому важно выполнять анализ периферической крови. Биомаркеры в крови позволяют проводить повторную оценку в разные моменты времени, они доступны, их забор менее инвазивен. Кроме того, эти биомаркеры могут предоставить больше информации об иммунном статусе и оказать помощь в оценке потенциала пациента для развития эффективного иммунитета против опухоли. Однако стоит учитывать, что в силу ряда причин при выходе клеток из опухоли в кровоток происходит изменение их фенотипа и биологических свойств, поэтому анализ циркулирующих клеток является лишь вспомогательным инструментом.

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