<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Advances in Molecular Oncology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Advances in Molecular Oncology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Успехи молекулярной онкологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2313-805X</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2413-3787</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Publishing House ABV Press</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">837</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17650/2313-805X-2026-13-2-85-93</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>RESEARCH ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Dependance of doxorubicin efficacy of on p21 protein level in tumor cells</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Зависимость эффективности воздействия на опухолевые клетки доксорубицином от уровня белка р21</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4687-7444</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zamkova</surname><given-names>Maria A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Замкова</surname><given-names>Мария Анатольевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>zamkovam@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2090-2488</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bruter</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Брутер</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>zamkovam@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8834-1111</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kubekina</surname><given-names>M. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кубекина</surname><given-names>М. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>zamkovam@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9080-5683</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Tatarskiy</surname><given-names>V. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Татарский</surname><given-names>В. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>zamkovam@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУH «Институт биологии гена Российской академии наук»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Ministry of Health of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр онкологии им. Н.Н. Блохина» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-06-19" publication-format="electronic"><day>19</day><month>06</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>13</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>85</fpage><lpage>93</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-12-05"><day>05</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-05-21"><day>21</day><month>05</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, ABV-Press</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, АБВ-пресс</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">ABV-Press</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">АБВ-пресс</copyright-holder><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://umo.abvpress.ru/jour/article/view/837">https://umo.abvpress.ru/jour/article/view/837</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Introduction.</bold> The effectiveness of chemotherapy is determined by the percentage of tumor cells killed and the absence of tumor recurrence. The cell cycle regulator p21 plays a key role in these processes, although its role remains unclear.</p> <p><bold>Aim.</bold> To determine the effect of <italic>CDKN1A</italic> expression before and after exposure of tumor cells to doxorubicin on therapeutic efficacy.</p> <p><bold>Materials and methods.</bold> Flow cytometry was used for analysis of cell distribution per cell cycle phases, immunocytochemical staining was used for β-galactosidase activity measurement. Change in protein expression was evaluated using Western blot. For colony visualization, the cells were stained with crystal violet.</p> <p><bold>Results.</bold> It was found that overexpression of the p21 gene (<italic>CDKN1A</italic>) during cell exposure to doxorubicin reduces the number of cells that have stopped dividing in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle and increases their number in the G1 phase. This, in the absence of <italic>CDKN1A</italic> expression, subsequently leads to resumption of proliferation. Conversely, the absence of p21 during chemotherapy exposure results in a significant increase in the percentage of cells in the G2/M phase, followed by their death. Induction of <italic>CDKN1A</italic> expression after removal of doxorubicin, or throughout the experiment, leads to the development of a cellular senescence stage.</p> <p><bold>Conclusion.</bold> Increased <italic>CDKN1A </italic>expression during cell exposure to doxorubicin reduces its effectiveness. Maintaining high p21 levels after removal of the drug promotes the development of a cellular senescence phenotype.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Введение.</bold> Эффективность химиотерапии определяется процентом опухолевых клеток, подвергшихся гибели, а также отсутствием рецидива опухоли. Ключевое влияние на эти процессы оказывает регулятор клеточного цикла белок р21, роль которого до сих пор неоднозначна.</p> <p><bold>Цель исследования</bold> – определить влияние уровня экспрессии гена белка р21 (<italic>CDKN1A</italic>) до и после воздействия на опухолевые клетки доксорубицином на эффективность терапии.</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы.</bold> Для анализа распределения клеток по фазам клеточного цикла использовали проточную цитометрию, для оценки изменения активности фермента β-галактозидазы – иммуноцитохимическое окрашивание клеток. Изменение уровня белков определяли с помощью вестерн-блоттинга. Для визуализации колоний применяли окрашивание клеток кристаллическим фиолетовым.</p> <p><bold>Результаты. </bold>Обнаружено, что гиперэкспрессия гена <italic>CDKN1A</italic> при воздействии на клетки доксорубицином приводит к снижению количества клеток, остановивших свое деление на стадии G2/M клеточного цикла, и к увеличению популяции клеток в стадии G1, что в дальнейшем, при условии отсутствия экспрессии этого гена, приводит к возобновлению пролиферации. Результатом же отсутствия белка р21 при воздействии химиопрепаратом является значительное увеличение процента клеток в стадии G2/M с их последующей гибелью. Индукция экспрессии гена <italic>CDKN1A</italic> после прекращения воздействия доксорубицином или на протяжении всего эксперимента приводит к развитию стадии клеточного старения.</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> Повышенная экспрессия гена <italic>CDKN1A</italic> во время воздействия на опухолевые клетки доксорубицином снижает эффективность последнего. Поддержание высокого уровня р21 после прекращения воздействия препаратом способствует развитию фенотипа клеточного старения.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>p21</kwd><kwd>A549</kwd><kwd>doxorubicin</kwd><kwd>cellular senescence</kwd><kwd>colony formation</kwd><kwd>knockout</kwd><kwd>E2F1</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>р21</kwd><kwd>А549</kwd><kwd>доксорубицин</kwd><kwd>клеточное старение</kwd><kwd>колониеобразование</kwd><kwd>нокаут</kwd><kwd>E2F1</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study was supported by the Russian Science Foundation (grant No. 24-24-00293).</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено при финансовой поддержке Российского научного фонда (грант № 24-24-00293).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bikinieva F.F., Dunaev P.D., Galembikova A.R. et al. Overexpression of ABC transporters in gastrointestinal stromal tumors as one of the mechanisms for the development of secondary chemoresistance. Uspekhi molekulyarnoy onkologii = Advances in Molecular Oncology 2025;12 (4):109–24. DOI: 10.17650/2313-805X-2025-12-4-109-124</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бикиниева Ф.Ф., Дунаев П.Д., Галембикова А.Р. и др. Гиперэкспрессия АВС-транспортеров в гастроинтестинальных стромальных опухолях как один из механизмов развития вторичной химиорезистентности. Успехи молекулярной онкологии 2025;12(4):109–24. DOI: 10.17650/2313-805X-2025-12-4-109-124</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Mijit M., Caracciolo V., Melillo A. et al. Role of p53 in the regulation of cellular senescence. Biomolecules 2020;10(3):420. DOI: 10.3390/biom10030420</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Kumari R., Jat P. Mechanisms of cellular senescence: cell cycle arrest and senescence associated secretory phenotype. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021;9:645593. DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.645593</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Zamkova M.A., Persiyantseva N.A., Tatarskiy V.V. et al. Therapy-induced tumor cell senescence: mechanisms and circumvention. Biochemistry (Mosc) 2023;88(1):86–104. DOI: 10.1134/S000629792301008X</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Yosef R., Pilpel N., Papismadov N. et al. p21 maintains senescent cell viability under persistent DNA damage response by restraining JNK and caspase signaling. EMBO J 2017;36 (15):2280–95. DOI: 10.15252/embj.201695553</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Yan J., Chen S., Yi Z. et al. The role of p21 in cellular senescence and aging-related diseases. Mol Cells 2024;47(11):100113. DOI: 10.1016/j.mocell.2024.100113</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Chattopadhyay D., Ghosh M.K., Mal A. et al. Inactivation of p21 by E1A leads to the induction of apoptosis in DNA-damaged cells. J Virol 2001;75(20):9844–56. DOI: 10.1128/JVI.75.20.9844-9856.2001</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Blagosklonny M.V., Robey R., Bates S. et al. Pretreatment with DNA-damaging agents permits selective killing of checkpoint-deficient cells by microtubule-active drugs. J Clin Invest 2000;105(4):533–39. DOI: 10.1172/JCI8625</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Rohnalter V., Roth K., Finkernagel F. et al. A multi-stage process including transient polyploidization and EMT precedes the emergence of chemoresistent ovarian carcinoma cells with a dedifferentiated and pro-inflammatory secretory phenotype. Oncotarget 2015;6(37):40005–25. DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5552</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Richter W.F., Nayak S., Iwasa J. et al. The Mediator complex as a master regulator of transcription by RNA polymerase II. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2022;23(11):732–49. DOI: 10.1038/s41580-022-00498-3</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Olszewska A., Borkowska A., Granica M. et al. Escape from cisplatin-induced senescence of hypoxic lung cancer cells can be overcome by hydroxychloroquine. Front Oncol 2021;11:738385. DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.738385</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Hsu C.H., Altschuler S.J., Wu L.F. Patterns of Early p21 dynamics determine proliferation-senescence cell fate after chemotherapy. Cell 2019;178(2):361–73e312. DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.05.041</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Khamidullina A.I., Yastrebova M.A., Bruter A.V. et al. CDK8/19 inhibition attenuates G1 arrest induced by BCR-ABL antagonists and accelerates death of chronic myelogenous leukemia cells. Cell Death Discov 2025;11(1):62. DOI: 10.1038/s41420-025-02339-6</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Persiyantseva N.A., Kazansky D.B., Tatarskiy V.V., Zamkova M.A. Genome editing by CRISPR/Cas to generate A549 human lung cancer subline knockout for the р21 gene. Meditsinskaya genetika = Medical Genetics 2023;22(11):35–9. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.25557/2073-7998.2023.11.35-39</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Персиянцева Н.А., Казанский Д.Б., Татарский В.В., Замкова М.А. Редактирование генома методом CRISPR/Cas для создания сублинии клеток рака легкого человека А549, нокаутной по гену р21. Медицинская генетика 2023;22(11):35–9. DOI: 10.25557/2073-7998.2023.11.35-39</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Persiyantseva N.A., Vikhrova S.Y., Korotkova M.S. et al. Decreasing the ability of HCT116 cells to escape from therapy induced senescence by increasing the duration of doxorubicin treatment. Uspekhi molekulyarnoy onkologii = Advances in Molecular Oncology 2024;11(1):90–8. DOI: 10.17650/2313-805X-202411-1-90-98</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Персиянцева Н.А., Вихрова С.Ю., Короткова М.С. и др. Снижение способности клеток НСТ116 к выходу из стадии индуцированного терапией старения при увеличении длительности воздействия доксорубицином. Успехи молекулярной онкологии 2024;11(1):90–8. DOI: 10.17650/2313-805X-2024-11-1-90-98</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Saleh T., Tyutyunyk-Massey L., Murray G.F. et al. Tumor cell escape from therapy-induced senescence. Biochem Pharmacol 2019;162:202–12. DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.12.013</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Pluquet O., Abbadie C., Coqueret O. Connecting cancer relapse with senescence. Cancer Lett 2019;463:50–8. DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2019.08.004</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Montalto F.I., De Amicis F. Сyclin D1 in cancer: a molecular connection for cell cycle control, adhesion and invasion in tumor and stroma. Cells 2020;9(12):2648. DOI: 10.3390/cells9122648</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Kalra R.S., Cheung C.T., Chaudhary A. et al. CARF (collaborator of ARF) overexpression in p53-deficient cells promotes carcinogenesis. Mol Oncol 2015;9(9):1877–89. DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2015.07.003</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Sheldon L.A. Inhibition of E2F1 activity and cell cycle progression by arsenic via retinoblastoma protein. Cell Cycle 2017;16(21):2058–72. DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2017.1338221</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Ianari A., Gallo R., Palma M. et al. Specific role for p300/ CREB-binding protein-associated factor activity in E2F1 stabilization in response to DNA damage. J Biol Chem 2004;279(29):30830–35. DOI: 10.1074/jbc.M402403200</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Fedorova N.E., Chernoryzh Y.Y., Vinogradskaya G.R. et al. Inhibitor of polyamine catabolism MDL72.527 restores the sensitivity to doxorubicin of monocytic leukemia Thp-1 cells infected with human cytomegalovirus. Biochimie 2019;158:82–9. DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2018.12.012</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Luo D., Yu C., Yu J. et al. p53-mediated G1 arrest requires the induction of both p21 and Killin in human colon cancer cells. Cell Cycle 2022;21(2):140–51. DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2021.2014249</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Hoeferlin L.A., Oleinik N.V., Krupenko N.I. et al. Activation of p21-dependent G1/G2 arrest in the absence of DNA damage as an antiapoptotic response to metabolic stress. Genes Cancer 2011;2(9):889–99. DOI: 10.1177/1947601911432495</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Clay D.E., Fox D.T. DNA damage responses during the cell cycle: Insights from model organisms and beyond. Genes (Basel) 2021;2(12):1882. DOI: 10.3390/genes12121882</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Zhou F.Y., Waterman D.P., Ashton M. et al. Prolonged cell cycle arrest in response to DNA damage in yeast requires the maintenance of DNA damage signaling and the spindle assembly checkpoint. Elife 2024;13:RP94334. DOI: 10.7554/eLife.94334</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Sandor V., Senderowicz A., Mertins S. et al. P21-dependent g(1)arrest with downregulation of cyclin D1 and upregulation of cyclin E by the histone deacetylase inhibitor FR901228. Br J Cancer 2000;83(6):817–25. DOI: 10.1054/bjoc.2000.1327</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Liu Y., Chen H., Li X. et al. PSMC2 regulates cell cycle progression through the p21/cyclin D1 pathway and predicts a poor prognosis in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Front Oncol 2021;11:607021. DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.607021</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Gao X., Zhang Y., Zhang R. et al. Cyclin-dependent kinase 1 disruption inhibits angiogenesis by inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Exp Ther Med 2019;18(4):3062–70. DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.7883</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Nakanishi M., Kaneko Y., Matsushime H. et al. Direct interaction of p21 cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor with the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor protein. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1999;263(1):35–40. DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1999.1296</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>Chen J.Y., Lin J.R., Tsai F.C. et al. Dosage of Dyrk1a shifts cells within a p21-cyclin D1 signaling map to control the decision to enter the cell cycle. Mol Cell 2013;52(1):87–100. DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2013.09.009</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>Coleman M.L., Marshall C.J., Olson M.F. Ras promotes p21(Waf1/Cip1) protein stability via a cyclin D1-imposed block in proteasome-mediated degradation. EMBO J 2003;22(9):2036–46. DOI: 10.1093/emboj/cdg189</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>Stein G.H., Drullinger L.F., Soulard A. et al. Differential roles for cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p21 and p16 in the mechanisms of senescence and differentiation in human fibroblasts. Mol Cell Biol 1999;19(3):2109–17. DOI: 10.1128/MCB.19.3.2109</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>Putzer B.M. E2F1 death pathways as targets for cancer therapy. J Cell Mol Med 2007;11(2):239–51. DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2007.00030.x</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><mixed-citation>Martinez L.A., Goluszko E., Chen H.Z. et al. E2F3 is a mediator of DNA damage-induced apoptosis. Mol Cell Biol 2010;30(2):524–36. DOI: 10.1128/MCB.00938-09</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><mixed-citation>Meng P., Ghosh R. Transcription addiction: can we garner the Yin and Yang functions of E2F1 for cancer therapy? Cell Death Dis 2014;5(8):e1360. DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.326</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
