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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Advances in Molecular Oncology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Advances in Molecular Oncology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Успехи молекулярной онкологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2313-805X</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2413-3787</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Publishing House ABV Press</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">851</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17650/2313-805X-2026-13-2-62-70</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>RESEARCH ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Association of serum galectin-3 levels in patients with key clinical and morphological characteristics of colorectal cancer</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Связь сывороточных уровней галектина-3 с клинико-морфологическими характеристиками колоректального рака</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3898-4127</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kushlinskii</surname><given-names>Nikolay E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кушлинский</surname><given-names>Николай Евгеньевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>kne3108@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0003-1575-5529</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Varivoda</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Варивода</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>kne3108@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6775-3678</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Moroz</surname><given-names>E. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мороз</surname><given-names>Е. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>kne3108@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6132-9924</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kovaleva</surname><given-names>O. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ковалева</surname><given-names>О. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>kne3108@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0006-9256-3426</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Krupatkin</surname><given-names>I. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Крупаткин</surname><given-names>И. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>kne3108@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9684-2509</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kuzmin</surname><given-names>Yu. B.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кузьмин</surname><given-names>Ю. Б.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>kne3108@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3585-5693</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Alferov</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Алферов</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>kne3108@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4217-4204</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ryazanski</surname><given-names>V. P.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рязанский</surname><given-names>В. П.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>kne3108@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9042-942X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kochkina</surname><given-names>S. O.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кочкина</surname><given-names>С. О.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>kne3108@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9289-1247</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Mamedli</surname><given-names>Z. Z.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мамедли</surname><given-names>З. З.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>kne3108@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0493-1166</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Stilidi</surname><given-names>I. S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Стилиди</surname><given-names>И. С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>kne3108@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Ministry of Health of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр онкологии им. Н. Н. Блохина» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Russian University of Medicine, Ministry of Health of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВО «Российский университет медицины» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">State Research Institute of Instrument Engineering</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">АО «Государственный научно-исследовательский институт приборостроения»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-06-19" publication-format="electronic"><day>19</day><month>06</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>13</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>62</fpage><lpage>70</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-03-11"><day>11</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-05-22"><day>22</day><month>05</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, ABV-Press</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, АБВ-пресс</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">ABV-Press</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">АБВ-пресс</copyright-holder><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://umo.abvpress.ru/jour/article/view/851">https://umo.abvpress.ru/jour/article/view/851</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Introduction.</bold> Galectins are a family of β-galactoside-binding proteins involved in the regulation of cell adhesion, proliferation, apoptosis, and the immune response, playing a key role in carcinogenesis. Galectin-3 is the only chimeric protein of the galectin family, whose functional activity is determined by its ability to oligomerize. Increased expression of galectin-3 in tumor tissue and its high serum concentration are associated with colorectal cancer (CRC) progression. However, the clinical, morphological, and prognostic significance of serum galectin-3 levels in this disease remains poorly understood.</p> <p><bold>Aim.</bold> To analyze the association of galectin-3 levels in the blood serum of patients with key clinical, morphological characteristics and prognosis of CRC.</p> <p><bold>Materials and methods.</bold> A total of 210 previously untreated patients with CRC at various stages of the tumor were examined. These patients ranged in age from 31 to 75 years (114 men and 96 women). The control group consisted of 32 healthy donors aged 31 to 67 years (20 women and 12 men). The clinical diagnosis in all patients was confirmed by tumor morphological examination according to the International Histological Classification of Tumors of the Digestive Tract of the World Health Organization (2019). All patients were diagnosed with colon adenocarcinoma of varying degrees of differentiation. Galectin-3 concentrations were determined in serum collected using a standard method before the start of specific treatment using the Human Galectin-3 Quantikine ELISA reagents (R&amp;D Systems, USA) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Measurements were performed on a BEP 2000 Advance automated enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics, Germany). Marker levels were expressed as nanograms (ng) per 1 ml of serum. The nonparametric Mann–Whitney and Kruskal–Wallis tests were used to compare parameters and analyze their relationships. Overall survival was analyzed using the Kaplan–Meier method and the nonparametric Cox proportional hazards model. Differences and correlations were considered statistically significant at <italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.05.</p> <p><bold>Results.</bold> Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay revealed that baseline pre-treatment serum galectin-3 levels in 210 previously untreated CRC patients ranged widely from 2.6 to 24.7 ng / ml, and the median level (10.7 ng / ml) was statistically significantly higher than that in 32 healthy control donors (8.6 ng / ml) (<italic>p</italic> = 0.004). ROC analysis data do not support the use of serum galectin-3 levels in the diagnosis of CRC (test sensitivity 39 %, specificity 94 %). The study did not reveal any significant associations between galectin-3 levels and the main clinical and morphological characteristics of CRC. Univariate analysis and Cox regression analysis of galectin-3 levels revealed an unfavorable prognostic significance of this protein in patients with CRC (<italic>p</italic> = 0.0006 and <italic>p</italic> = 0.0001, respectively).</p> <p><bold>Conclusion.</bold> A statistically significant increase in serum galectin-3 concentrations was observed in patients with colorectal cancer compared to healthy donors. Despite the lack of associations with clinical and morphological characteristics of the tumor, elevated baseline serum galectin-3 levels in patients with colorectal cancer are significantly associated with a poor overall survival prognosis.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Введение.</bold> Галектины представляют собой семейство β-галактозидсвязывающих белков, участвующих в регуляции клеточной адгезии, пролиферации, апоптоза и иммунного ответа, которые играют большую роль в канцерогенезе. Галектин-3 – единственный химерный белок семейства галектинов, функциональная активность которого определяется способностью к олигомеризации. Его высокие экспрессия в опухолевой ткани и концентрация в сыворотке крови ассоциированы с прогрессированием колоректального рака (КРР). Однако клинико-морфологическая и прогностическая значимость сывороточных уровней галектина-3 при данном заболевании остается недостаточно изученной.</p> <p><bold>Цель исследования</bold> – анализ ассоциации уровней галектина-3 в сыворотке крови пациентов с ключевыми клиническими, морфологическими характеристиками КРР и прогнозом.</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы.</bold> Обследованы 210 первичных ранее не леченных больных КРР различных стадий в возрасте от 31 до 75 лет (114 мужчин и 96 женщин). Контрольную группу составили 32 здоровых донора 31–67 лет (20 женщин и 12 мужчин). Клинический диагноз во всех случаях подтвержден данными морфологического исследования опухоли согласно Международной гистологической классификации опухолей пищеварительного тракта Всемирной организации здравоохранения (2019). У всех пациентов выявлена аденокарцинома толстой кишки различной степени дифференцировки. Концентрацию галектина-3 определяли в сыворотке крови, полученной по стандартной методике до начала специфического лечения, с помощью реактивов для прямого иммуноферментного анализа Human Galectin-3 Quantikine ELISA (R&amp;D Systems, США) в соответствии с инструкциями производителя. Измерения проводили на автоматическом иммуноферментном анализаторе BEP 2000 Advance (Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics, Германия). Содержание маркера выражали нанограммах (нг) на 1 мл сыворотки крови. При сравнении показателей и анализе их взаимосвязей использовали непараметрические критерии Манна–Уитни и Краскела–Уоллиса. Общую выживаемость оценивали с помощью метода Каплана–Майера и с использованием непараметрической модели пропорциональных рисков Кокса. Различия и корреляции считали статистически значимыми при <italic>p</italic> &lt; 0,05.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> Иммуноферментный анализ выявил, что исходные (до лечения) уровни галектина-3 в сыворотке крови 210 ранее не леченных больных КРР колебались в широких пределах – от 2,6 до 24,7 нг / мл, и медиана его содержания (10,7 нг / мл) была статистически значимо выше, чем у 32 здоровых доноров группы контроля (8,6 нг / мл) (<italic>р</italic> = 0,004). Данные ROC-анализа не позволяют использовать определение уровней сывороточного галектина-3 в диагностике КРР (чувствительность теста 39 %, специфичность 94 %). В ходе исследования не выявлено значимых ассоциаций уровней галектина-3 с основными клиническими и морфологическими характеристиками КРР. Однофакторный и регрессионный анализы уровня этого белка методом Кокса продемонстрировали его неблагоприятную прогностическую значимость у больных КРР (<italic>p</italic> = 0,0006 и <italic>p</italic> = 0,0001 соответственно).</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> У больных КРР выявлено статистически значимое повышение концентраций галектина-3 в сыворотке крови по сравнению со здоровыми донорами. Несмотря на отсутствие ассоциаций с клинико-морфологическими характеристиками опухоли, высокие исходные уровни сывороточного галектина-3 у пациентов с данным заболеванием значимо связаны с неблагоприятным прогнозом общей выживаемости.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>galectin-3</kwd><kwd>colorectal cancer</kwd><kwd>serum</kwd><kwd>tumor marker</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>галектин-3</kwd><kwd>колоректальный рак</kwd><kwd>сыворотка крови</kwd><kwd>опухолевый маркер</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Sung H., Ferlay J., Siegel R.L. et al. Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin 2021;71(3):209–49. DOI: 10.3322/caac.21660</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Siegel R.L., Wagle N.S., Cercek A. et al. Colorectal cancer statistics, 2023. 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