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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Advances in Molecular Oncology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Advances in Molecular Oncology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Успехи молекулярной онкологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2313-805X</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2413-3787</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Publishing House ABV Press</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">852</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17650/2313-805X-2026-13-1-8-15</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEW ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Targeting p53 for immunotherapy of solid tumors</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Использование белка p53 как мишени для иммунотерапии онкологических заболеваний</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8950-5368</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Filipenko</surname><given-names>Maksim L.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Филипенко</surname><given-names>Максим Леонидович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>mlfilipenko@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5660-2276</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Boyarskikh</surname><given-names>U. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Боярских</surname><given-names>У. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>mlfilipenko@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3898-4127</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kushlinskii</surname><given-names>N. E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кушлинский</surname><given-names>Н. Е.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>mlfilipenko@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «Институт химической биологии и фундаментальной медицины Сибирского отделения Российской академии наук»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Ministry of Health of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр онкологии им. Н.Н. Блохина» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-03-16" publication-format="electronic"><day>16</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>13</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>8</fpage><lpage>15</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-03-11"><day>11</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-03-11"><day>11</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Filipenko M.L., Boyarskikh U.A., Kushlinskii N.E.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Филипенко М.Л., Боярских У.А., Кушлинский Н.Е.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Filipenko M.L., Boyarskikh U.A., Kushlinskii N.E.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Филипенко М.Л., Боярских У.А., Кушлинский Н.Е.</copyright-holder><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://umo.abvpress.ru/jour/article/view/852">https://umo.abvpress.ru/jour/article/view/852</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The most common somatic mutations in solid tumors affect the <italic>TP53</italic> gene, leading to the formation of the tumor-specific p53 antigen through overexpression of the wild-type antigen (WT-p53) or the generation of mutant-specific neoepitopes (MUT-p53). Thus, the p53 protein is a promising target for immunotherapy. This article summarizes clinical and immunological data on p53-targeting vaccine strategies. Vaccination against WT-p53 is shown to reproducibly induce p53-specific T-cell responses and has a favorable safety profile; however, its clinical efficacy as a monotherapy is limited. Key challenges include central immune tolerance to WT-p53 epitopes, low density of p53 peptide-HLA complexes on the tumor cell surface, an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, and HLA (HLA – human leukocyte antigens) heterogeneity. For mutant p53, specific immunogenic epitopes have been validated, yet phase II clinical trials of vaccines targeting frequent p53 mutations are still lacking. Future prospects for enhancing the efficacy of p53-targeted vaccines lie in combination strategies (e.g., with immune checkpoint inhibitors, adjuvants), precise patient stratification, and for mutant p53, the application of TCR-based (TCR – T-cell receptor) technologies and the development of personalized neoantigen selection platforms.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>В солидных опухолях соматические мутации чаще всего встречаются в гене <italic>TP53</italic>, что приводит к образованию опухоль-специфического антигена p53 за счет гиперэкспрессии p53 дикого типа (WT-p53) или образования мутант-специфических неоэпитопов (MUT-p53). Таким образом, белок p53 является перспективной мишенью для иммунотерапии.</p> <p>В статье обобщены клинические и иммунологические данные по вакцинным стратегиям, нацеленным на p53. Показано, что вакцинация WT-p53 воспроизводимо индуцирует p53-специфические Т-клеточные ответы и безопасна, однако ее клиническая эффективность в монорежиме ограниченна. Ключевыми проблемами являются центральная толерантность, низкая плотность комплексов p53-HLA (HLA – человеческие лейкоцитарные антигены) на поверхности опухолевых клеток, иммуносупрессивное микроокружение и вариабельность HLA. Для мутантных форм p53 валидированы иммуногенные эпитопы, но клинические исследования вакцин II фазы пока отсутствуют. Перспективы повышения эффективности p53-вакцин связаны с использованием комбинированных подходов (использование ингибиторов контрольных точек иммунитета, адъювантов), точной стратификацией пациентов, а для MUT-p53 – с применением TCR-технологий (TCR – T-клеточные рецепторы) и разработкой персонализированных схем.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>p53 protein</kwd><kwd>solid tumor</kwd><kwd>therapeutic vaccine</kwd><kwd>somatic mutation</kwd><kwd>neoantigen</kwd><kwd>human leukocyte antigen</kwd><kwd>HLA</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>белок p53</kwd><kwd>солидная опухоль</kwd><kwd>терапевтическая вакцина</kwd><kwd>соматическая мутация</kwd><kwd>неоантиген</kwd><kwd>человеческий лейкоцитарный антиген</kwd><kwd>HLA</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This work was supported by the Russian Science Foundation (grant No. 24-64-00028).</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена при поддержке Российского научного фонда (грант № 24-64-00028).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Chen X., Zhang T., Xia Q. et al. 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