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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Advances in Molecular Oncology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Advances in Molecular Oncology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Успехи молекулярной онкологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2313-805X</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2413-3787</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Publishing House ABV Press</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">856</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17650/2313-805X-2026-13-2-37-48</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEW ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Ovarian toxicity of targeted and immunotherapy in pediatric female patients with oncological diseases</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Овариальная токсичность таргетной терапии и иммунотерапии при онкологических заболеваниях у девочек</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4744-0882</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Melnikov</surname><given-names>Maksim E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мельников</surname><given-names>Максим Евгеньевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>R.M. Gorbacheva Research Institute of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Transplantology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Научно-исследовательский институт детской онкологии, гематологии и трансплантологии им. Р.М. Горбачевой </p></bio><email>melmakse@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6833-6243</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Drobintseva</surname><given-names>A. O.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дробинцева</surname><given-names>А. О.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>melmakse@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0301-8455</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Savelieva</surname><given-names>O. E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Савельева</surname><given-names>О. Е.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>melmakse@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6045-9134</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Lyapunova</surname><given-names>L. S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ляпунова</surname><given-names>Л. С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>melmakse@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1462-6907</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kondratiev</surname><given-names>G. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кондратьев</surname><given-names>Г. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>melmakse@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0390-8498</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kuleva</surname><given-names>S. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кулева</surname><given-names>С. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>melmakse@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Saint Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВО «Санкт-Петербургский государственный педиатрический медицинский университет» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Pavlov University, Ministry of Health of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВО «Первый Санкт-Петербургский государственный медицинский университет им. акад. И.П. Павлова» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">N.N. Petrov National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Ministry of Health of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр онкологии им. Н.Н. Петрова» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-06-19" publication-format="electronic"><day>19</day><month>06</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>13</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>37</fpage><lpage>48</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-03-24"><day>24</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, ABV-Press</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, АБВ-пресс</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">ABV-Press</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">АБВ-пресс</copyright-holder><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://umo.abvpress.ru/jour/article/view/856">https://umo.abvpress.ru/jour/article/view/856</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Long-term survival of children with oncology is steadily increasing and currently stands at &gt;80 %. For patients achieving sustained remission from oncological diseases, the issue of delayed complications of antitumor therapy, particularly related to gonadotoxicity, is of great importance.</p> <p>Targeted therapy and immunotherapy for pediatric oncological diseases have recently been actively introduced into clinical practice, including as first-line treatments. Modern targeted and immunotherapeutic approaches allow long-term disease control or a prolonged remission to be achieved in pediatric female patients. Hence, it is essential to investigate the impact of these therapies on acute and delayed ovarian toxicity to evaluate the potential infertility risk and to determine indications for the use of fertility preservation methods.</p> <p>This review systematizes and describes current understanding of the mechanisms of gonadotoxicity of various groups of targeted and immunotherapeutic agents used in pediatric oncology. Thus, BRAF/MEK inhibitors can impact the fertility of girls and women, as inhibition of MAPK signaling pathway components prevents ovulation, oocyte maturation, and luteinization. They also disrupt metabolic processes in ovarian follicle cells and can lead to delayed puberty when administered before puberty, as demonstrated in preclinical studies. Imatinib therapy in mouse models resulted in a reduction in the number of primordial follicles and the induction of apoptotic processes in follicles. The use of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitors can increase the risk of reversible ovulatory dysfunction. Data regarding the use of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors indicate both an increased risk of oligomenorrhea and ovarian cysts, as well as their protective effect against gonadotoxicity induced by alkylating agents and platinum-based therapies. Immune-mediated ovarian damage is most widely described for immune checkpoint inhibitors and involves the induction of systemic or organ-specific autoinflammation, which can involve the ovaries and pituitary gland and lead to decreased ovarian reserve, including when used before puberty, as well as disruption of oocyte maturation and ovulation. Preclinical data and isolated clinical observations have been reported demonstrating the gonadotoxic effects of inotuzumab ozogamicin and gemtuzumab ozogamicin, but these have not been characterized in detail.</p> <p>There is a lack of reliable data on the impact of various targeted and immunotherapeutic agents on the fertility of girls with oncological diseases. This requires research to update data on the acute and delayed toxicity of antitumor therapy and to determine the need for fertility preservation methods in children with oncological diseases, taking into account the emergence of new therapeutic options.</p> <p> </p> <p> </p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Долгосрочная выживаемость детей с онкологическими заболеваниями неуклонно повышается и составляет &gt;80 %. Для пациентов, достигающих долгосрочной ремиссии, большое значение имеет проблема отсроченных осложнений проведенной противоопухолевой терапии, связанных, в частности, с ее гонадотоксичностью.</p> <p>В последнее время в клиническую практику активно внедряются таргетная терапия и иммунотерапия онкологических заболеваний у детей, в том числе в качестве 1-й линии. Современные таргетные и иммунотерапевтические подходы позволяют достичь долгосрочного контроля над заболеванием или длительной ремиссии у девочек. В связи с этим актуально исследование вклада такого лечения в развитие острой и отсроченной овариальной токсичности для оценки риска наступления бесплодия и определения показаний к применению методов сохранения фертильности.</p> <p>В данном обзоре систематизированы и описаны современные представления о механизмах гонадотоксичности различных групп таргетных и иммунопрепаратов, используемых в детской онкологии. Так, ингибиторы BRAF/MEK способны оказывать влияние на фертильность девочек и женщин, поскольку ингибирование компонентов сигнального пути MAPK препятствует овуляции, созреванию ооцитов и лютеинизации, а также нарушает метаболические процессы в клетках фолликулов яичников и может привести к задержке полового развития при терапии до полового созревания, что отражено в доклинических исследованиях. Терапия иматинибом в исследованиях на мышиных моделях приводила к снижению количества примордиальных фолликулов и индукции апоптотических процессов в фолликулах. Применение ингибиторов фактора роста эндотелия сосудов (VEGF) способно повысить риск развития обратимой овуляторной дисфункции. Данные, касающиеся использования ингибиторов мишени рапамицина млекопитающих (mTOR), свидетельствуют как об увеличении риска развития олигоменореи и кист яичника, так и об их протективном эффекте в отношении гонадотоксичности, индуцированной алкилирующими агентами и препаратами платины.</p> <p>Иммуноопосредованное повреждение яичников наиболее широко описано для препаратов из группы ингибиторов иммунных контрольных точек и заключается в индукции системного или органоспецифического аутовоспаления, которое может вовлекать яичники и гипофиз и приводить к снижению овариального резерва, в том числе при применении до наступления полового созревания, а также нарушать созревание ооцитов и овуляцию. Существуют данные доклинических исследований и отдельные клинические наблюдения, демонстрирующие гонадотоксический эффект инотузумаба озогамицина и гемтузумаба озогамицина, однако они подробно не охарактеризованы.</p> <p>Достоверные данные о влиянии на фертильность девочек с онкологическими заболеваниями различных таргетных и иммунопрепаратов отсутствуют, что требует проведения исследований, так как позволит актуализировать данные по острой и отсроченной токсичности противоопухолевой терапии и определить необходимость применения методов сохранения фертильности у детей с онкологическими заболеваниями с учетом появления новых терапевтических возможностей.</p> <p> </p> <p> </p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>gonadotoxicity</kwd><kwd>ovary</kwd><kwd>pediatric oncology</kwd><kwd>fertility</kwd><kwd>targeted therapy</kwd><kwd>immunotherapy</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>гонадотоксичность</kwd><kwd>яичник</kwd><kwd>детская онкология</kwd><kwd>фертильность</kwd><kwd>таргетная терапия</kwd><kwd>иммунотерапия</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Leisenring W.M., Mertens A.C., Armstrong G.T. et al. 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