Наследственный рак молочной железы: генетическая и клиническая гетерогенность, молекулярная диагностика, хирургическая профилактика в группах риска

На долю наследственных форм приходится 5–10 % случаев рака молочной железы, 30 % из них обусловлены мутациями в генах BRCA1 / 2 (синдром наследственного рака молочной железы / рака яичников). Средние кумулятивные риски для носителей мутаций в гене BRCA1 достигают 87 % в отношении развития рака молочной железы и 44 % в отношении развития рака яичников. Высок риск контралатерального рака молочной железы: при манифестации первичной опухоли у носителей мутаций в гене BRCA1 в возрасте до 40 лет он составляет 62,9 %. Активно изучается роль однонуклеотидных полиморфизмов, модифицирующих риск развития рака молочной железы и других опухолей женской репродуктивной системы у носителей мутаций в генах BRCA1 / 2. Молекулярная диагностика проводится в рамках медико-генетического консультирования. Основными показаниями для генетического тестирования являются онкологически отягощенный семейный анамнез, рак молочной железы у женщин в молодом возрасте (до 35–50 лет), рак яичников, рак молочной железы у мужчин, морфологические особенности рака молочной железы (трижды негативные, медуллярные опухоли), этническая принадлежность (ашкеназские евреи). В группах высокого генетического риска проводятся профилактические химиотерапевтические и хирургические мероприятия. Показана высокая эффективность профилактических операций в отношении развития рака молочной железы и рака яичников. Двусторонняя профилактическая мастэктомия снижает риск развития рака молочной железы на 90–94 %.

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