Механистические и эпидемиологические данные о роли микробиоты и вирома в канцерогенезе

Развитие молекулярных и генетических технологий позволило на молекулярном уровне продемонстрировать коэволюционные принципы взаимодействия микробиоты, вирома и организма-хозяина, а также роль микроорганизмов и вирусов в поддержании физиологического гомеостаза и развитии различных заболеваний, включая злокачественные новообразования. представленный обзор посвящен анализу и обобщению современных данных о микроорганизмах и вирусах, населяющих человеческий организм, а также их роли в процессах инициации, промоции и прогрессии канцерогенеза. В статье приведена информация об известных онкогенных вирусах и микроорганизмах с учетом современной классификации канцерогенных агентов международного агентства по изучению рака (International Agency for Research on Cancer). Рассмотрены механистические данные о проканцерогенном воздействии микробиоты и вирома в соответствии с современной концепцией ключевых характеристик канцерогенного агента. Особое внимание уделено анализу данных о влиянии микробиоты и вирома на иммунитет организма-хозяина, включая первые результаты иммунотерапии токсином коли сарком мягких тканей и остеосарком, а также о воздействии отдельных видов микроорганизмов на формирование профиля зрелых иммунокомпетентных клеток организма-хозяина. кроме того, представлены сведения о влиянии внутриопухолевой и внутриклеточной микробиоты на микроокружение опухолевых клеток и клеточный сигналинг, в том числе в солидных опухолях, не имеющих контакта с внешней средой. приведенные данные важны в плане использования концепции холобиота, т. е. взаимозависимого существования организма человека, микроорганизмов и вирусов, для совершенствования профилактики и терапии злокачественных новообразований.

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