Immunotherapy of malignant gliomas: a modern view on the problem

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Abstract

Malignant gliomas are one of the most common brain tumors in adults arising from glial cells with an extremely poor prognosis. Generally, therapy of malignant gliomas consists of radical surgical removal followed by radio- and/or chemotherapy. However, prognosis of the disease remains unfavorable.
The review presents main clinical, morphological and molecular characteristics of gliomas, their prognostic significance and role in the choice of targeted therapy based on using tyrosine kinase inhibitors and/or monoclonal antibodies. The current aspects of immunotherapy of gliomas (i.e., activation of immune cells, or blockage of immunosuppressive signaling) are discussed in detail. One of the well-known approaches of cancer immunotherapy is based on immune checkpoint inhibitors. These drugs might be effective in treatment of malignant gliomas overexpressing the molecules that suppress immune cells functions. Another promising approach of gliomas immunotherapy is based on genetically modified CAR-T cells (CAR – chimeric antigen receptor) which might identify and eliminate cancer cells. Cytokine therapy is also perspective treatment approach, as well as gene therapy which is associated with editing viral genes for production of oncolytic viruses used as anticancer vaccines. Vaccines are being developed to generate the specific antibodies recognized cancer cells and thereby stimulate the immune system to identify and destroy tumor cells.
Despite the promising potential of various gliomas immunotherapy methods, most of them are at different stages of preclinical and clinical trials. Some of them demonstrate promising results and good perspective for the further use to treat glioma patients.

About the authors

А. А. Pichugin

Kazan State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia; Interregional Clinical Diagnostic Center

Email: fake@neicon.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-0134-1005

49 Butlerova St., Kazan 420012

12А Karbyshevа St., Kazan 420101

Russian Federation

R. R. Kovyazina

Duke Kunshan University

Email: fake@neicon.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-6165-3668

8 Duke Avenue, Jiangsu Kunshan 215316

China

А. Trondin

Hospital Clínico San Carlos

Email: fake@neicon.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-8046-2533

Calle del Prof Martín Lagos, S/N, Moncloa – Aravaca, Мадрид 28040

Spain

А. G. Alekseev

Kazan State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia; Interregional Clinical Diagnostic Center

Email: fake@neicon.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0003-1227-8918

49 Butlerova St., Kazan 420012

12А Karbyshevа St., Kazan 420101

Russian Federation

P. B. Kopnin

Carcinogenesis Institute of the N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Ministry of Health of Russia

Email: fake@neicon.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-2078-4274

24 Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow 115522

Russian Federation

T. V. Gessel

Kazan State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia

Email: fake@neicon.ru
ORCID iD: 0009-0003-4348-9141

49 Butlerova St., Kazan 420012

Russian Federation

S. V. Boichuk

Kazan State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia; Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education

Author for correspondence.
Email: boichuksergei@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0003-2415-1084

Sergei Vasilyevich Boichuk

49 Butlerova St., Kazan 420012

Bld. 1, 2/1 Barricadnaya St., Moscow 125993

Russian Federation

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СМИ зарегистрировано Федеральной службой по надзору в сфере связи, информационных технологий и массовых коммуникаций (Роскомнадзор).
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